Flame Test Lab Write-Up

Sydney Schell October 18th, 2012 Identifying Metallic Components Introduction: Spectroscopy is the study of the electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by the atoms and molecules. A photon in short is light. Atoms produce light by putting energy in, the electron then becomes excited and goes up an energy level, the electron then falls back down to its ground state, and out comes a photon (light). The electromagnetic spectrum contains color that we can and cannot see.The color blue has the highest energy with shorter wavelengths and a higher frequency while the color red has the lowest amount of energy with long wavelengths and a shorter frequency. Hypothesis: If you observe the characteristic emission spectra of several gases and metallic ions then you can identify the metallic component(s) of an unknown substance based on flame color. Materials: * Samples of the following metallic salts * Calcium chloride * Copper chloride * Iron chloride * Lithium chloride * Potassium chlorid e * Sodium chloride * Strontium chloride * Unknown 1 * Unknown 2 Bunsen burner and accessories * Safety goggles * Lab apron * Splints soaked overnight in distilled water * 250 mL beaker half full of distilled water Procedures: 1. Place the end of one of the popsicle sticks soaked in a solution into the flame. Note color(s) of the flame and the duration of each color. Immerse the wooden splint in the distilled water to fully extinguish it, and then discard it in the trash. Record your results. 2. Repeat step 4 for each of the remaining salts. 3. Repeat step 4 for each of the unknown metals and predict the identity of the unknown metals.Repeat any of the known metals to help with this prediction. **Wash hands thoroughly before leaving the lab. ** Some of the salts used are poisonous or irritating to the skin. Keep your hands away from your mouth until after you have washed them and have let the laboratory. Results/Data Collection/Analysis: The calcium chloride had a pretty average wav elength and turned the fire green. For some reason CuCl and NaCl both burned orange, coming in with the second lowest energy. Iron chloride had a â€Å"sparky† appearance that lasted for approximately six seconds and it was concluded that it had a high energy.Lithium chloride burned a pinkish color. Potassium chloride had a high energy and produced a purple flame. Strontium chloride had the lowest energy which was determined by red color of its flame. Unknown 1 was strontium chloride and unknown 2 was calcium chloride. The unknowns were found by comparing their flame colors to the known substances. Formula| Metal| Color Observed| Duration(sec)| CaCl2 | Calcium Chloride| Green| N/A| CuCl| Copper Chloride| Orange| N/A| FeCl3| Iron Chloride| Sparkle| 6 sec| LiCl| Lithium Chloride| Pink| N/A| KCl| Potassium Chloride| Purple| N/A| NaCl| Sodium Chloride| Orange| 30 sec|SrCl2| Strontium Chloride| Red| N/A| Unknown 1| Strontium Chloride| Red| 8 sec| Unknown 2| Calcium Chloride| Green | N/A| Questions: 1. What was (were) the identity of the metal ion(s) in the unknown solutions? Give evidence. -Unknown 1 proved to be strontium chloride because they shared the same flame color. Unknown 2 turned out to have a green flame which matched it up with calcium chloride. 2. Predict the flame color if metallic ions of copper and strontium were mixed. -Strontium and copper together should make a red orange or orange red depending on what the dominate color is. 3.Based on the flame colors in the experiment, which single element would most likely be used to produce yellow fireworks? Why? -Iron would most likely be used to make yellow fireworks based on the sparks it has originally have a tannish/yellow color to them. 4. Why do the metals give off light? -When the metals are rammed into heat they react and produce light. 5. Which of the flames that you observed gave off the most energy? -Potassium chloride gave off the most energy and one could tell based on its purple flame. 6 . Why do some of the samples give off more than one color flame? When an electron goes through its excited sate it changes color but when it falls back down to its ground state then it goes back to its original color. Conclusion/Discussion: The hypothesis was supported because once I found out the color flame produced by all the solutions; I could match the unknowns with the known substances. We worked to slowly when we did the lab so we had to use second hand data. Also, lighting the Bunsen burner on fire was not the best idea. Why are the flames of no two gases exactly the same color? -Different gasses have a different amount of electrons on different energy levels.

Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan

Submitted to: Sir Superman Submitted by: James Bond Degree ‘34’ Syndicate ‘CIA’ Date: 21-03-2013 CONTENTS Chapter 1 * Background * Quaid’s early life * Education Chapter 2 * Politics * Membership of Congress * Hindu-Muslim Unity * Devotion to Muslim League * Leadership of Muslims Chapter 3 * Thought of Separate Homeland * Pakistan Resolution * Gandhi-Quaid meetings * Views about Quaid Chapter 4 * Defending Policy of Quaid Chapter 5 * Formation of Federal Cabinet * Constitutional Problems * Establishment of Capital * Provincial Government Establishment of Administrative Headquarters * Foreign Affairs * Education Policy CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES 1) Syed Shamsul Hassan ed. , Correspondence of Quaid-i-Azam M. A. Jinnahand other papers, Shamsul Hassan collection, Organizational Matters, Vol. I (1936-1947) 2) Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, (Karachi: Oxford University press, 1997) 3) Prof. Khurshid Ahmed, Islamic Ideology (Ka rachi: Karachi university,2002). 4) Quaid’s speech at university stadium Lahore, 30 october 1947 5) Syed Hussain Imam â€Å"Sterling qualities of Quaid†. ) Ahmad Khan Yusufi, Speeches, statements and messages of Quaid-e-Azam. 7) Rajmohan Gandhi, Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1986) 8) Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. 9) www. national heritage . government. pk 10) â€Å"Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah†. Government of Pakistan Website. 11) â€Å"Quaid-e-As is Mohammad Ali Jinnah†. The Jinnah Society. 12) â€Å"Jinnah: South Asia's greatest ever leader†. 13) BBC's Poll for South Asia's greatest ever leader. 14) â€Å"The Father of Pakistan†.The Most Influential Asians of the Century by TIME. 15) â€Å"Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)†. Story of Pakistan. 16) â€Å"Jinnah's speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan†. 11 August 1947. 17) â€Å"Jinnah's Thought at a Glance†. Yes Pakistan. com. 18) â€Å"Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)†. Harappa. com. 19) â€Å"Pictures of Quaid (Album)†. Urdu Point. 20) â€Å"South Asia's Clarence Darrow†. Chow. 21) â€Å"I Remember Jinnah†. Daily Dawn (newspaper). 22) â€Å"1947 – August†. Chronicles Of Pakistan ACKNOWLEDGE This research paper is dedicated to all those martyres who worked the reation of a separate home land for Muslims. They helped Quaid-e-As am in this great mission and gave sacrifices for our independence . They face many problems and hardships for the independence of Muslims in the subcontinent. I would like to thank James Bond for assigning this topic to me. It was truly an enlightening experience for me to do research on this topic. I would also like to thank my respected teacher Iron Man for guiding me and providing me with more than enough knowledge on this topic.The research was mainly done using the help of computers and internet therefore the bibliography section may look a little empty at first. But once one gets to visit these internet sites he is marveled by the amount of data provided on the respective topic. So hats off to all those people who are spending their precious time to run these enlightening websites. Without these the worth of internet would be much less in the context of knowledge. The main objective of this research paper is to highlights the efforts of the Quaid-e-As am Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the creation of Pakistan.His role in the formation of Pakistan and in the initial administration of Pakistan after independence because he handled all the problems of Pakistan when there were only few people who knew about administrative problems. ————————————————- INTRODUCTION Quaid-e-As am as an architect of Pakistan Some revisionist people criticize Pakistan and few even go so far as to question the integrity of Quaid-e-As am in demanding a separate homeland for the Muslims of Hindustan.This modern disease has even spread to those who live in the West but have Pakistani roots. It is however interesting that all these critical people studied in Pakistani schools, travelled on Pakistani passports and have families in that country. Painting a realistic image of Pakistan in our young people's minds is the only way they can hope to have a sense of belonging to the country and the elderly generation has a duty to provide a great deal in helping such parents and families living abroad whose roots are still fastened firmly with this land. Coming back to he topic, it is very difficult to add something new or something that is not known about him. Yet the paradox is that the younger generation has to be reminded of his contribution to the history of Muslims of the Subcontinent What I want to share with you about Quaid, is not only the information from history b ooks, magazines and films, but also what was told to me by my father and those who saw the Quaid, worked for the cause of Pakistan and saw the creation of Pakistan. Pakistan’s story is so much linked with the life of the Quaid –e-As am that one cannot be told without the other.So who was this great man, who with the help of his type writer and an adoring sister created the largest country for Muslims in the world in a span of few years. In his biography of titled â€Å"Jinnah of Pakistan†, the American historian, Stanley Wilbert, makes the following observation that so accurately describes the legacy of Quaid and his footprint on history: â€Å"Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah did all three. During his lifetime, he brought the wisdom to walk in the path of honor, the courage to follow his convictions, and an abiding compassion for others. He enriched us all by the nobility of his spirit. ————————————————- ————————————————- CHAP # 1 Quaid’s Early life Background According to Sarojini Naidu, a famous Congress politician, close friend and follower of Gandhi but also author of Quaid’s first biography, Quaid’s ancestors were Hindu Rajput who converted to Islam.Jinnah's family belonged to the Ismailia Kahoka branch of Shi'a Islam. Early Education He studied at several schools at the Sind Madras a-tool-Islam in Karachi; briefly at the Goal Das Ten Primary School in Bombay; and finally at the Christian Missionary Society High School in Karachi, where, at age sixteen, he passed the matriculation examination other University of Bombay. Higher Education in England In 1892, at the age of only 16, he sailed to England to study and in 3 years, at age 19, he became the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in England.During his student years in England, Jinnah came under the influence of 19th-century British liberalism, and his education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation and progressive politics. But later as an Indian intellectual and political authority, Jinnah would find his commitment to the Western ideal of the nation-state and the reality of Indian society of many religions, cultures and ethnic groups difficult to reconcile during his later political career. In 1896 he returned to India and settled in Bombay. He built a House in Malabar Hill, later known as Jinnah House. HeBecame a successful lawyer, gaining particular fame For his skilled handling. His reputation as a skilled lawyer Prompted Indian leader Bal Gangadhar Tikal to hire him as defense counsel for his sedition trial in 1905. Quaid argued that it was not s edition for an Indian to demand freedom and self-government in his own country. ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ———————————————— — ———————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- CHAP # 2 Introduction to Politics Membership of Congress Soon after his return to India, he joi ned the Indian National Congress, which was the largest political organization in India.Like most of the Congress at the time, Jinnah did not favor outright independence, considering British influences on education, law, culture and industry as beneficial to India. Quaid had initially avoided joining the All India Muslim League, founded in 1906 because he regarded it as too religiously oriented. However he decided to provide leadership to the Muslim minority. Hindu-Muslim Unity ; Joining Muslim League His efforts to work for all Indians was so much respected that he was called; Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity. Eventually, he joined the Muslim League in 1913 and became the President at the 1916 session in Luck now.Jinnah was the architect of the 1916 Luck now Pact between the Congress and the League, bringing them together on most issues regarding self-government and presenting a united front to the British. Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when the Congress leader, Mohandas G andhi, launched a law violating Non-Cooperation Movement against the British, which a temperamentally law abiding barrister Jinnah disapproved of. One Western journalist asked Quaid, why he never went to jail while all Congress leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, Patel and Baldev Singh have been in many times in prison.Quaid replies: â€Å"I am a parliamentarian. Prison is for criminals†. In 1924 Quaid, officially reorganized the Muslim League and Devoted the next seven years attempting to bring about Unity among various ranks of Muslims and to develop Rational formula to effect a Hindu Muslim settlement, Which he considered the pre-condition for Indian freedom. This task was very difficult and was frustrated in the start. Balder Singh â€Å"He once remarked that every time, I put my hand in the pocket, I find forged coins, refereeing to disunity and internal fight among Muslim leaders†.Even if he was working tirelessly to unite Muslims in Hindustan, he attended several unity conferences between Congress and Muslim league. He wrote the â€Å"Delhi Muslim Proposals in 1927†, pleaded for the incorporation of the basic Muslim demands in the Nehru report, and formulated the â€Å"Fourteen Points† Furthermore, in 1927, Quaid entered negotiations with Muslim and Hindu leaders on the issue of a future constitution, during the struggle against the all-British Simon Commission. The Muslim League wanted separate electorates while the Nehru Report favored joint electorates.Quaid personally opposed separate electorates, but accepted the decision of his party. He then drafted compromises and put forth demands that he thought would satisfy both. These became known as the 14 points of Mr. Jinnah. However, they were rejected by the Congress and other political parties. The British government called 2 Round Table Conferences in London to let Hindustani leaders to work out their differences, but talks failed. Quaid was so disillusioned by the breakdown of ta lks, that in 1931 he relocated to London in order to practice in the Privy Council Bar. Devotion to Muslim LeagueThat was a dark time for Muslims in India. But luckily, prominent Muslim leaders like Allama Iqbal, the Aga Khan and Chaudhary Rah mat Ali made efforts to convince Quaid to return from London to India and take charge of a now-reunited Muslim League. In 1934 Quaid returned and began to re-organize the party, being closely assisted by Liquate Ali Khan, who would act as his right-hand man. In the 1937 elections to the Central Legislative Assembly, the League emerged as a competent party, capturing a significant number of seats under the Muslim electorate, but lost in the Muslim-majority Punjab, Sind and the North-West Frontier Province.After the election success, Quaid offered an alliance with the Congress – both bodies would face the British together, but the Congress had to share power, accept separate electorates and the League as the representative of India's Musl ims. That was a proof of Quaid was willing to go a long way to have an independent united Hindustan where Hindus and Muslims would be equal partners. The latter two terms were unacceptable to the Congress, which had its own national Muslim leaders and membership and adhered to One India.Even as Quaid held talks with Congress president Rajendra Prasad, Congress leaders suspected that Quaid would use his position as a lever for exaggerated demands and obstruct government, and demanded that the League merge with the Congress. The talks failed, and while Quaid declared the resignation of all legislators from provincial and central offices in 1938 as a â€Å"Day of Deliverance† from Hindu domination, some historians assert that he remained hopeful for an agreement. But it was becoming clearer to Quaid and his associates that may be Congress was interested in such solution.Gandhi often said to Quaid; â€Å"Let the British leave. Afterward, we can figure out a solution. † In one of his famous letters, Quaid asked Gandhi to be more precise as to how the power would be distributed. Gandhi replied; â€Å"My dear Jinnah, I cannot answer your questions because my inner light is not working†. Quaid wrote back; †To hell with your inner light. Why do not you admit that you have no answer to what I am asking†? ————————————————- CHAP # 3 The Idea of Pakistan By the way, a wish for a separate homeland for Muslims of Hindustan was in the air for some time.In a speech to the Muslim League in 1930, Llama Irbil raised the idea of an independent state for Muslims in â€Å"Northwest India†. Chaudhary Rah mat Ali published a pamphlet in 1933 advocating a state called â€Å"Pakistan†. Thought of Separate Homeland Following the failure to work with the Congress, Quaid, who had embraced separate electorates and the exclusive right of the Muslim League to represent Muslims, was converted to the idea that Muslims needed a separate state to protect their rights. He came to believe that Muslims and Hindus were distinct nations, with unbridgeable differences—a view later known as â€Å"the Two Nation Theory†.Quaid declared that a united India would lead to the marginalization of Muslims, and eventually civil war between Hindus and Muslims. This change of view may have occurred through his correspondence with Allama Iqbal, who was close to him. Pakistan resolution In the session in Lahore in 1940, the Pakistan resolution was adopted as the main goal of the Muslim League. The resolution was rejected outright by the Congress, and criticized by many Muslim leaders like Maulana Abu Kalama Azad, Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan, Side Abdul Al Muddy and the Jamaal-e-Islamic.On 26 July 1943, Quaid was stabbed and wounded by a member of the extremist Chasers in an attempted assassination. During the mission of British minister Stafford Cripps, Jinnah demanded parity between the number of Congress and League ministers, the League's exclusive right to appoint Muslims and a right for Muslim-majority provinces to secede, leading to the breakdown of talks. When it became clear to both British and Congress party that Quaid and Muslim League would not budge from its demand, they made a common front against him. Gandhi-Quaid meetingsIn 1944 Gandhi held talks fourteen times with Quaid in Bombay, about a united front— while talks failed, Gandhi's overtures to Jinnah increased as a last ditch effort to avoid the partition of Hindustan. But League was becoming very representative of all Muslims. The League's influence increased in the Punjab after the death of Unionist leader Sikandar Hayat Khan in 1942. In the 1946 elections for the Constituent Assembly of India, the Congress won most of the elected seats, while the League won a large majority of Muslim electorate seats. Interim Government portfolios were announced on 25 October 1946.Muslim Leaguers were sworn in on 26 October 1946. The League entered the interim government, but Quaid refrained from accepting office for himself. This was credited as a major victory for Quaid, as the League entered government having rejected both plans, and was allowed to appoint an equal number of ministers despite being the minority party. The coalition was unable to work, resulting in a rising feeling within the Congress that independence of Pakistan was the only way of avoiding political chaos and possible civil war. Different views about QuaidSome revisionist historians like H M Serve and Ayesha Jalap assert that Quaid never wanted partition of India. It was actually the outcome of the Congress leaders being unwilling to share power with the Muslim League. It is asserted that Quaid only used the Pakistan demand as a method to mobilize support to obtain significant political rights for Muslims. Whatever the case may be, looking at the poor s ituation of Indian Muslims today and their second class status, Pakistanis should be grateful that Quaid gave up the idea of a united India after the British departure and insisted that Muslims in Hindustan should have their own homeland.Quaid has gained the admiration of major Indian nationalist politicians like Leal Krishna Advani whose comments praising Jinnah caused uproar in his own Bharatiya Janta Party Jessant Singh likewise praised Jinnah for standing up to the Indian National Congress and the British. Everyone from Mount baton, Gandhi, and Nehru down to ordinary persons, friend and foe all agreed that during his lifetime, he brought the wisdom to walk in the path of honor, the courage to follow his convictions, and an abiding compassion for others. He enriched us all by the nobility of his spirit.In his book â€Å"Verdict on India† (1944), Beverley Nichols, the British author and journalist has a chapter; Dialogue with a Giant. This is about his meeting with Quaid. H e wrote; â€Å"Mr. Jinnah is in a position of unique strategic importance. He can sway the battle this way or that as he chooses. His 100 million Muslims will march to the left, to the right, to the front, to the rear at his bidding and at nobody else’s. If Gandhi goes, there is Nehru or Raj opal or Paten or a dozen others. But if Jinnah goes, who is there? † CHAP # 4 Jinnah's Vision for Pakistan Defending Policy of QuaidIn 1937, Quaid defended his ideology of equality in his speech to the All-India Muslim League in Luck now where he stated, â€Å"Settlement can only be achieved between equals. † He also had a rebuttal to Nehru's statement which argued that the only two parties that mattered in India were the British Raj and INC. † Jinnah stated that the Muslim League was the third and â€Å"equal partner† within Indian politics. Quaid gave a precise definition of the term ‘Pakistan' in 1941 at Lahore in which he stated: â€Å"Some confusion prevails in the minds of some individuals in regard to the use of the word ‘Pakistan'.This word has become synonymous with the Lahore resolution owing to the fact that it is a convenient and compendious method of describing it. Whilst giving an interview to American press representatives in July 1942, when asked by one of the journalists whether the Muslims were a nation or not, Quaid replied: â€Å"We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendar, history and traditions, aptitudes and ambitions, in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life.By all cannons of international law we are a nation. † A controversy has raged in Pakistan about whether Jinnah wanted Pakistan to be a secular state or an Islamic state. His views as expressed in his policy speech on 11 August 1947 said: â€Å" I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State†.Jinnah, 11August 1947 – presiding over the constituent assembly. Quaid wanted a secular state, but with Islamic principles. The reason is that a true Islamic state is not a theocratic state â€Å"Pakistan is not going to be a theocratic State to be ruled by priests with a divine mission. We have many non-Muslims – Hindus, Christians, and Parses – but they are all Pakistanis. They will enjoy the same rights and privileges as any other citizens and will play their rightful part in the affairs of Pakistan†.Broadcast talk to the people of the United States of America on Pakistan recorded February 1948 Inaugurating the assembly on 11 August 1947, Quaid spo ke of an inclusive and pluralist democracy promising equal rights for all citizens regardless of religion, caste or creed. This address is a cause of much debate in Pakistan as, on its basis, many claim that Jinnah wanted a secular state while supporters of Islamic Pakistan assert that this speech is being taken out of context when compared to other speeches by him.On 11 October 1947, in an address to Civil, Naval, Military and Air Force Officers of Pakistan Government, Karachi, he said: â€Å"We should have a State in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we could develop according to our own lights and culture and where principles of Islamic social justice could find free play†. On 21 February 1948, in an address to the officers and men of the 5th Heavy and 6thLight Regiments in Mali, Karachi, he said: â€Å"You have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice and the equality of manhood in your own nativ e soil.With faith, discipline and selfless devotion to duty, there is nothing worthwhile that you cannot achieve†. CHAP # 5 Quaid-e-As am as a Governor General On 14th August 1947, Quaid-e-As am Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the 1st Governor General. He remained Governor General for thirteen months. During this period, he solved many important national issues. Some of them are mentioned as under: Formation of Federal Cabinet As soon as the Quaid-e-As am took an immediate action and nominated members of the Federal Cabinet to run the Government affairs smoothly. Liquate Ali Khan was elected as the Prime Minister.Other members of the cabinet were also nominated. This first cabinet of Pakistan took oath on 15th August 1947. Members of the Cabinet 1. Vardar Abdul Rib Nester (Transports) 2. Raja Ghazanfer Ali Khan (Agriculture) 3. Fazal-ur-Rehman (Education) 4. I. I Chundrigar (Industry) 5. Glulam Mohammad (Finance) 6. Jogander Nath Mandala (Law) 7. Sir Afar Ulla Khan Adjani (Affair) Constitutional Problems The Act of 1935 was amended and enforced in the country as there was no constitution available of the newly born state. Thus this great achievement was done under the administrative leadership of the Quaid-e-As am.Establishment of Capital Karachi was made Capital of Pakistan. Provincial Government Quaid-e-As an elected Chief Minister and Governor. Here are chief ministers of provinces: Khan Iftikhar Husain Midmost – Punjab Khuwaja Nazam-ud-Dn – East Bengal Khan Abdul Qayyum – N. W. F. P Mohammad AyeChurro – Sind Chief Commissioner (British) – Baluchistan Administrative Head Quarters For the administrative reformation, a committee was set up and Chaudhary Mohammad Aye was made the Secretary General. Civil Services were re-organized and Civil Services Academy was constituted. The Secretariat was established.Moreover, Head-quarters for Army, Navy and Air Force were set up. An ammunition factory was also set up. Attention to For eign Affairs Realizing the sensitivity of foreign affairs, Quaid-e-As am paid his utmost attention to the Foreign Policy. He developed healthy relations with the neighboring and developed countries that were the main objective of the Foreign Policy. Membership of UNO After independence, Quaid-e-As am paid immediate attention for acquiring membership of the United Nations Organization (UNO). On 30th September 1947, Pakistan became the member of the UNO. This all, was done under the dynamic leadership of Quaid-e-As am.Implementation of Education Policy Education plays an important role in the development of a country. It improves living standard of a nation and development. Education sector also needed attention at the time of independence. For this purpose, he held the first Educational Conference in 1947. He wished that every citizen of Pakistan should serve his nation with honesty and national spirit. He made nation with honesty and national spirit. He made acquisition of scientifi c and technological education compulsory for the students. Quaid-e-As am did a lot to improve education policy of the country. In the Service of PakistanQuaid-e-As am served his country till his death. Despite his bad health, he kept on going through the important files. He succumbed to deadly disease of consumption. First Cabinet of Pakistan First cabinet of Pakistan was also elected by Quaid-e-As am. He took of it. Liquate Ali Khan was first Prime Minister of Pakistan. CONCLUSION In the conclusion I would like to say that Quaid was great leader and a true Muslim and he was a real architect of Pakistan. He was great leader and he proved it by the creation of Pakistan and he is guiding star for the generation to come and he is role model for generation to come.Limitations First of all I am thankful to Allah Almighty who enabled me to make this assignment. It is wisely said that one feels no pains after he has been successful in doing a work. But I would like to mention some as they are asked. I live in hired hostel where internet is not available. Therefore, I faced many difficulties in gathering data. Moreover, I do not have my own computer so I had to work on my roommate’s computer or on the lab computer. I had much burden of studies of other subjects. So, I could not give as much concentration to this assignment.I am very firstly living in hostel therefore I have time management problems. I also do not possess very vast general knowledge. Bibliography * Syed Shamsul Hassan ed. , Correspondence of Quaid-i-Azam M. A. Jinnahand other papers, Shamsul Hassan collection, Organizational Matters, Vol. I (1936-1947) * Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, (Karachi: Oxford University press, 1997) * Ahmad Khan Yusufi, Speeches, statements and messages of Quaid-e-Azam. * BBC's Poll for South Asia's greatest ever leader. * â€Å"1947 – August†. Chronicles Of Pakistan. * â€Å"I Remember Jinnah†. Daily Dawn (newspaper).  "Jinnah's speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan†. 11 August 1947. * â€Å"Jinnah's Thought at a Glance†. Yes Pakistan. com. * â€Å"Jinnah: South Asia's greatest ever leader†. * â€Å"Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)†. Story of Pakistan. * â€Å"Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)†. Harappa. com. * Prof. Khurshid Ahmed, Islamic Ideology (Karachi: Karachi university,2002). * â€Å"Pictures of Quaid (Album)†. Urdu Point. * Quaid’s speech at university stadium Lahore, 30 october 1947. * â€Å"Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah†. Government of Pakistan Website. * â€Å"Quaid-e-As is Mohammad Ali Jinnah†. The Jinnah Society. Rajmohan Gandhi, Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1986). * Syed Hussain Imam â€Å"Sterling qualities of Quaid†. * â€Å"South Asia's Clarence Darrow†. Chow. * â€Å"The Father of Pakistan†. The Most Inf luential Asians of the Century by TIME. * Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. * www. national heritage . government. pk ————————————————- ————————————————- THE END†¦ ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————-

The Nutcracker Live At The Ellie Caulkins Opera

The Nutcracker: Live On the 26th of November, 2016, I had the wonderful opportunity to witness the Colorado Ballet Orchestra perform the nutcracker live. The concert was at the Ellie Caulkins Opera House, and the phenomenal symphony was led by Adam Flatt. This was my first ever classical concert as well as concert, and I was not disappointed. The performance was wonderful, and the opera house was beautiful. The Nutcracker performance was one hour and fifty minutes long, therefore, in this essay, I plan to pick out the points that stood out. To begin this essay, I am going to summarize the story behind the nutcracker. Next, I will analyze the two most notable and my personal favorite parts of the performance. Those parts were the battle scene and the Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy. Finally, I will summarize the melody of the music throughout, and the general feel of the entire performance. Summary of Story The nutcracker is a classic Christmas story that originated in Russia set to music by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and brought to life with the art of ballet by E.T.A. Hoffmann.Since then, the story has taken many different variations, titles, and adaptations to suit its viewers while retaining its original composition and meaning. The story is mainly about a little girl named Clara. In the story, her godfather Drosselmeyer comes to their house for Christmas. Clara and her junior brother, Fritz, really love their godfather, because every

To What Extent Did Hitler Manipulate the German Population...

To what extent did Hitler manipulate the German population into following his Nazi regime? From 1933-1945 Adolf Hitler rose to the peak of his political power, by creating a stronghold over the German people. The use of oratory skills, in conjunction with his knowledge and use of propaganda and his suppression of details of the Holocaust, created a vibe of â€Å"electric excitement† for Germany. (Fritzsche, 1998) His targeting of the German minority and his radical push for anti-Semitism allowed Hitler to corrupt a weak and innocent nation. Manipulative leadership was a dominant force in the birth of his extremist beliefs and propagation, though this was assisted by the responsiveness of the negligent-minded German population to his plans.†¦show more content†¦Thousands upon thousands of Berliners cheered and celebrated as Hitler spoke of his new ambitions and plans for Germany. The crowd, which was labelled by a fellow member of the group as ‘deafening’, were excited by the Hitler’s enthusiasm; this had been lacking under the reign of Weimar democracy. (Fritzsche, 1998) The editor of Berlin’s Nazi newspaper, Der Angriff, Joseph Goebbels, remarked: â€Å"Uprising! Spontaneous explosion of the people. Indescribable!† (Fritzsche, 1998) Even though later in history we see Hitler’s ultimate motive to be his own rise in political hierarchy, his speech introduced himself to the German public as a populist and a â€Å"revolutionary political genius.† (Grunfield, 1974) Hitler endeavoured himself to all economical classes, whether it be the bourgeoisie, peasantry or the aristocracy; to them it appeared Hitler’s priority was to move Germany out of the current economic crisis and strive to develop Germany into a world superpower. The passion illustrated in Hitler’s goals was prevalent in his speeches, which led to the acceptance of a nation and the new title of â€Å"our Fuhrer† (Grunfield, 1974) Hitler’s use of Nazi propaganda was a major part of his scheme to empower himself to a weak nation; it gained him respect from the German people and endeared himself to them. The key, well documented, emphasis of the propaganda was the mass slaughter of allShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of Nazism And The Holocaust1668 Words   |  7 Pages Adolf Hitler is one of these individuals. Hitler, the figurehead of the Nazi regime that led Germany to World War II, and instigated one of the most infamous genocides in history, the Holocaust. The impact Adolf Hitler had on history, namely, the rise of Nazism and the Holocaust is also due to a favourable set of circumstances that without them Hitler himself would not have been enough. There is no denying that Hitler was not ‘Charismatic’, a leader that brought a type of cult following for millionsRead MoreConsolidation of Power of Hitler and the Nazis1410 Words   |  6 PagesThe ease with which Hitler and the Nazis were able to consolidate their power by August 1934, was due to the combination of luck, manipulation of legal procedures and a willingness to be uterly ruthless. The Nazi position was extremly unstable and in shaky circumstances during January 193. However, after the events and actions taken to consolidate their power the Nazis grew stronger and became invulnerable for the time they were in power. Luck played an extremely significant role in the contributionRead MoreGenocide†¦it’s a scary thought and hard to imagine. How such a thing could happen? Not only does it2400 Words   |  10 Pagesthroughout the history of mankind. In particular, The Jewish community has seen more than its share of persecution. Everyone thinks they know the basics on the Jewish Holocaust, but did you know that there weremillions more gentiles (non-Jews) also killed in the Holocaust as well, and their most famous genocidal killer, Adolph Hitler, was not the prize winning mass murdererin the twentieth century? Mao Zedong of China and Joseph Stalin of Russia killed way more people! (Top 10 Most Horrific Genocides In HistoryRead MorePsychological Effects of the Holocaust3873 Words   |  16 Pagesever to take place in our world’s history. It involved people all over the world and affected millions both directly and indirectly. It led to the death of over 11 million people, mostly Jews , and was started and controlled by the infamous German Nazis. Adolf Hitler, the mastermind behind the whole plan, was the chief organizer and began slowly starting to make those he thought were inferior suffer when he became Fuhrer in 1933. The circumstances during the time period leading up to and during WorldRead MoreWeimar Republic Essay2407 Words   |  10 Pagesfactors that contributed to the failure of the Weimar Republic of Germany and the ascent of Hitler’s National Socialist German Workers Party into power on January 30, 1933. Various conflicting problems were concurrent with the eventuation of the Republic that, from the outset, its first governing body the socialist party (SPD) was forced to contend with. These included the aspect of German imperialism, the unresolved defeat of 1918, financial collapse and the forced struggle against the activities ofRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Great War2691 Words   |  11 PagesPalazzo Venezia in Rome to hear the speech of their powerful and adored leader, Benito Mussolini. The Italian dictator was loved by the majority of the population and even referred to, by some of his own generals, as a god. Regardless of what outside opinions might have been towards Mussolini the country still respected him. The question then becomes, what were the circumstances in Italy that attributed to the dictator’s rise to power? Between the years of 1909 and 1945 Italy experienced a radical changeRead MoreThe Effect of World War II on the Lives of People at Home Essay5431 Words   |  22 Pageseffect on the morale of people, and roles of women, rationing and evacuation were all aspects in which significant changes in societies attitude were provoked. The war was described as a ‘Total war’ because the complete economy and populations of the participating nations were geared in to the production and support of the war effort. This made warfare totally reliant on the industrial capacity of its country, forcing everyone to be included somehow. In the case of BritainRead More Myth of Propaganda in the Balkans and Rwanda Essay6707 Words   |  27 Pagessenseless violence as stories from Germany began to emerge after World War II. The world shuddered as the actions of Hitler’s henchmen attempting to eradicate entire ethnic groups were revealed. It was inconceivable: what could incite such a large group of people towards genocide? What could inspire such hatred, such bloodlust? People were shocked, and for generations most of humanity has taken a hard line approach to acts of genocide: â€Å"never again.† But it has happened again. As the world witnessedRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagestaste of consumers, still integral part of their lives Mainstream BAD: Comparatively slower in its dissemination of news †¢ Chicago Tribune, official website chicagotribue.com, posts instant news coverage before newspaper hit the newsstands following morning †¢ Many different perspectives on important events and issues †¢ Citizen journalists closer to their subject matter than professional journalists †¢ Better position to uncover unique on-the-ground perspectives Mainstream GOOD: Sheer

Should Vaccines Be Required For Children - 1415 Words

Should Vaccines Be Required For Children? All living things on this earth are subject to attack from a disease-causing agent. Therefore, multicellular animals have dedicated cells and tissues that fight off infectious microbes in order to build immunity. A multitude of specialized cells carries out much of the immune system’s work. Each of these cells is intended to fight off diseases in a particular way. Vaccination, which is one of the methods that is used to prevent germs from proliferating, is subject of many discussions. While opponents believe that most of the diseases such as diphtheria and varicella are not necessarily harmful, and that injecting questionable vaccine ingredient into a child may cause side effects, such as seizures, paralysis, proponents believe that vaccination has been one of the greatest developments of the 20th century. It has served as a protection for the community, and has saved children and parent’s time money. The idea of increasing t he rate of vaccinating children at an early age during the twentieth century is what makes it unquestionable. A lot of diseases such as poliomyelitis, hepatitis A, and hepatitis B have been killing infants and causing a rising percentage in the infantile mortality. Some of the diseases such as polio, and diphtheria have been discarded completely while other diseases have not. However, vaccination has helped due to the fact that it has been contributing to decreasing the effect of the disease. For instance,Show MoreRelatedShould Vaccines Be Required For Children?997 Words   |  4 PagesShould Any Vaccines Be Required For Children? Although vaccines have been proven to be an essential way of preventing serious effects, including casualties from childhood illnesses, controversy still exists over whether the risk of side effects from the vaccinations overrides the risk of diminishing the diseases. Over these past couple of years, as the episode of many diseases has fallen dramatically as the results of vaccination programs, most parents do not want their child to receive vaccinationsRead MoreWhy Vaccines Should Be Required For School Children. The1310 Words   |  6 PagesWhy vaccines should be required for school children The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends receiving 29 doses of vaccines as well as a yearly flu shot. But as more and more kids are getting vaccinated a number of parents start to wonder if they should be injecting their healthy kid with such substances. Vaccination is not mandatory by any U.S. federal law, but all 50 states have some kind of vaccination requirement before children enter public schools. Many that promote vaccines pointRead MoreThe Controversy Of Childhood Vaccination1173 Words   |  5 Pagesprocess to protect their children in any way they can. Although, many parents do not see it that way. The controversy of childhood vaccination spans back more than just a few years it goes back as far as the 18th century (Nelson) but the fact of the matter is childhood vaccinations have very few side effects, there have been very few lines between autism and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (â€Å"Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and Vaccines†; Shea, Diekem a), and when children come in to contact withRead MoreEssay Childhood Vaccinations: A Game of Russian Roulette?1551 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Parents make sure their children get a proper diet, wear their bicycle helmet, and get enough sleep. Every parent wants to do what is best for their children and protect them from harm. No parent would allow their child to play with a loaded weapon, even with the safety on, and expect the best outcome. It would never happen. But it does. With every vaccine that is given, we are playing Russian roulette with our children’s lives. Childhood vaccinations have replaced common childhoodRead MorePersuasive Essay On Vaccines976 Words   |  4 Pages (not finished, please check the three page assignment part thank you) Vaccines are the treatment that helps the human body produce an immunity against certain diseases. Most people in the US have gotten some kind of vaccination in their life and routinely get check ups. But some people in the US have not gotten vaccines at all because of their parents not getting vaccines for them or because they don’t believe that vaccines actually work. Parents and adults also think that the ingredients mightRead MoreWhy Parents Should Not Parents1103 Words   |  5 PagesWhether or not parents should vaccinate their children has been something many parents have had to contemplate since the creation of the first vaccine in 1796. There is the constant battle of whether they should protect their kids against diseases or refrain from pricking them with a multitude of vaccines that could contain ingredients that go against their beliefs. Some vaccines contain ingredients such as aborted fetal tissue or animal residue which many parents think is unethical to inje ct intoRead MoreVaccinations: Vaccine and Vaccines Health Center1291 Words   |  6 PagesShould Parents have the right to not vaccinate their children? | GE217 | Ashley Starrett | Should parents have to right to say whether their child should be vaccinated or should it be automatically required? Many parents do vaccinate their children; however there are some that are against putting foreign substances in their child’s body. If parents choose not the have their child vaccinated then how do they go about getting them into school because most schools require students to have aRead MoreVaccines : The Causative Agent Of A Disease Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesA Vaccine is defined as, â€Å"A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease. Its products treated to act as an antigen without inducing the disease.† Vaccines have been around for hundreds of years. It is believed that the first unofficial vaccine was created in 1661 by a Chinese Emperor. Throughout the years, vaccines have become more advanced. For example, in 1955, public vacci nation forRead MorePrevention And Prevention Of Vaccination1405 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieving that their children were at risk of neurological damage that had no scientific data behind it because it seemed scary. Parents stopped having their children receive vaccines, making them susceptible to the disease and its wrath. This an extreme example of a potentially real scenario, but luckily there is a way to prevent something like this from becoming reality: vaccination. According to the United States of America Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the CDC, a vaccine is inputtingRead MorePrevention And Prevention Of Vaccination1417 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieving that their children were at risk for neurological damage that had no scientific data behind it because it seemed scary. Parents stopped having their children receive vaccines making them susceptible to the disease and its wrath. This an extreme example of a potentially real scenario, but luckily there is a way to prevent something like this from becoming reality: vaccination. According to the United States of America Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the CDC, a vaccine is inputting

Organization Change Management for Theory -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOrganization Change Managementfor Theory and Practice. Answer: Introduction: Organisational culture and change is inevitable, this is because of the change in the external as well as internal environment of the organization (Burke, 2017). This change in the organizations is not always welcomed and this resistance is mainly done by the employees of the organization. This essay discusses about the basic concept of organizational change and the response to overcome the resistance of these changes. This study can be used by the organizations to make the strategies in order to overcome the resistance of change by the employees. It also helps in understanding of the issues that makes the employees to resist such changes in the organization. Organizational change: Organizational change can be referred to as the changes that take place in the companys processes, strategies, and structure etc. these changes need to be done in order to withstand in the industry and in order to maintain the balance between the organizational processes and the dynamic environment (Cameron Green, 2015). When any of the change is implemented in the organization, it has been resisted by some or the other factors. It is always said that change is good but these changes is still being criticized and resisted by the employees of the organisation. It has been analysed that employees are found to be the biggest reason of resistance of change in the organization. Causes of resistance to change: There are different causes that have been suggested that causes the resistance to change among the employees. Some of them are discussed below: Selective perception: it is the type of perception where the people used the limited knowledge to make the perception that matched with their thinking (Palmer, Dunford Akin, 2009). Thus, this results in a kind of perception that is difficult to alter with the reference to the change in the organization. Lack of confidence: Most of the employees resist the changes in the organization. This is because the changes that are made may require the employees learn new things and employees have fear that they do not have that much confidence to learn new things and implement in the processes. Loss of job: when any of the change in the structure of the organization is implemented, it may require to right size the organization. Thus, fear of job loss is always there in the minds o the people (Lscher Lewis, 2008). Poor engagement: If the employees are not engaged in the process of decision making, they do not have any idea about what are the changes that are going to be implemented in the organization. Thus, facing the challenges of learning new things and unlearning the old process become hectic and difficult for the employees. Habit: It is habit of some of the peoples to be in the stable environment and thus they resist kind of change in the environment whether it is good or bad. Theories related to resistance: As far as the theoretical aspect of change and resistance is considered, there are two variables suggested that form the basis of resistance to change and the assumptions of the employees regarding the change (Carter, 2008). The first one is changeability and second one is emotionality. The changeability can be referred to have the assumed prospect of influencing the resistance of level of change of the employees while emotionality referred to as the level of emotions involves with the resistance. When both these elements are placed I the diagram, it results in four interpretations. Resistance as opinions: High Changeability and low emotionality It is the situation where an opinion has been made by the employees regarding the change. This needs to be managed by the leaders by educating the employees about the change and the reason of the change in order to alter their opinions (Hayes, 2014). Resistance as psychological reaction: High changeability and high emotionality It is the situation where the employees have social stereotypes thinking about the change. The social psychology of the person is highly influential factor in this case that causes resistance to change. In this situation, the cage can be managed by making the employees accept the panned changes while in first interpretation the opinions are altered by negotiations in the panned changes. Resistance as conviction: Low changeability and low emotionality In this case, the resistance to change is understood as the result of ethics and ideals. Here, the employees resist the change because of their emotional ideals and fundamental priorities. Morality is also one of the factors that drive the resistance to change (Cummings Worley, 2014). The change can only be managed by alteration in the thoughts and the priorities of the employees. Resistance as personality: low changeability and high emotionality Here the major reason of resistance to the change is the personality of the person that is based on his emotional context. Making the changes in their opinions of the employees in this case is very difficult as it is required by the management to change the personality of the person. After understanding the theoretical aspect change, it has been identified that different reasons are there that affect the resistance of change. The above framework provides the information about the change management theory that can be used in order to manage the change in different resistance cases. Overcoming the change resistance: The organizational change can be in structure, process or technology but the organization bring the change only to improve the quality and quantity of the services and the outcomes of the organizations. In order to implement the changes effectively, it is required by the organizations to understanding the influence of resistance to change and the process of implanting the change. Neglecting such reasons may results in poor implementation of the change and restricts the improvement that was expected from the change (Burnes Cooke, 2013). It is important for the management to realize the importance of change management and overcoming the barriers or the resistance to change. The strategies or model should be used by the management or the leaders in order to support the employees and the organizations well to adopt the changes implemented in the company. Lewins has given a great model of change management that needs to be adopted in order to management the change in the organization by the management. The theory involves three steps that are unfreezing, transition and refreezing (Shirey, 2013). Following is the brief description of all the steps that needs to be practiced in order to implement the change in the organization: Unfreezing: It is the step where all the old processes or the old leanings of the employees need to be unlearned. Here the management has to ask the employees to forget all the processes they are using till now so that they can be open for the new learning and the change. This is the major step to be conducted because filling the empty mind is easy but learning the already existing process in the minds of the people is very difficult. Transition: It is the most important stage of the process. Here the changes have been implemented in the organizational processes or the structure. The changes are implemented according to a proper format (Ford, Ford D'Amelio, 2008). All the employees must be aware of the changes implemented. Proper training should be given to the employees regarding the changes so that they can easily about the same. Freezing: this is the last step of the process. Here the employees have to adapt the changes that have been implemented. As they have unlearned the old process and the change have been implemented, now the time has come where they have to adopt the changes. At this stage, the employees start working according to the new process and develop the familiarity for the new processes (Jones Jones, 2010). The above theory or the change management model is used by many companies and is proved to be very successful in the field. This model is most effectively used by the companies implement the change in the organization. Conclusion: It has been concluded from the repair that making changes in the organization is very important. This fact of resistance to change cannot be denied but the management of the organization need to identify the reason behind the resistance and then implement the strategy that can be used to manage the change effectively. It has been analysed that there are various reasons that drives the resistance among the employees to adapt those changes. These resistance need to be overcome by the practices or the strategies. One of them is given by Lewins for the change management. This is the theory or the model that supports the employees to adopt the changes with the steps such as unfreezing, transition and freezing. References: Anderson, D., Anderson, L. A. (2010).Beyond change management: How to achieve breakthrough results through conscious change leadership. John Wiley Sons. Burke, W. W. (2017).Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Burnes, B., Cooke, B. (2013). Kurt Lewin's Field Theory: A Review and Re?evaluation.International journal of management reviews,15(4), 408-425. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Carter, E. (2008). Successful change requires more than change management.The Journal for Quality and participation,31(1), 20. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Ford, J. D., Ford, L. W., D'Amelio, A. (2008). Resistance to change: The rest of the story.Academy of management Review,33(2), 362-377. Hayes, J. (2014).The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Jones, G. R., Jones, G. R. (2010). Organizational theory, design, and change. Lscher, L. S., Lewis, M. W. (2008). Organizational change and managerial sensemaking: Working through paradox.Academy of Management Journal,51(2), 221-240. Palmer, I., Dunford, R., Akin, G. (2009).Managing organizational change: A multiple perspectives approach. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Shirey, M. R. (2013). Lewins theory of planned change as a strategic resource.Journal of Nursing Administration,43(2), 69-72.

Political perspective on employees performance

The supervisor helps the department or team he or she is leading to clarify their goals and mission as well as approaches to achieving their aims. He or she helps to shape the common goals and approaches of the team. Thus, he or she builds confidence and commitment to the team and every individual in the team.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Political perspective on employees’ performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Supervisors empower members of their team with problem-solving, technical, teamwork, functional, interpersonal as well as decision-making skills. They have the power and the ability to manipulate forces within the team or department towards common direction or objective. The political perspective assumes that an organization is a political arena which comprises selfish goals, deception as well as in-fighting. Thus, they always manipulate, push as well as bargain to advance their own inter ests as well as the interests of their teams or departments (Katzenbach Smith, 2003). They can therefore easily convince others, especially their subordinates, to achieve the desired results. This may sometimes involve deception tactics or selfish acts even though the supervisor may do that for the benefit of the organization. He or she is the advocate of the organization and institutes actions plans and programs which are in line with the organization goals. Some tactics applied by the supervisors could include keeping the goals flexible as well as manipulating the channels of influence to achieve the desired result. They may also advance their agendas patiently to achieve the determined aims. It is the supervisor who is in direct contact with the workers and responsible for managing performance within the departments or organization. Therefore, he or she can always investigate the cause of performance problems that exist within the workplace, department or organization. They also give direct attention to the cause of the performance problem. Thereafter, the supervisors can develop action plans to overcome the problem and achieve the results. The action plan includes empowering workers to find a solution to the problem or devise an alternative to the problem. Supervisors provide direct communication to workers about the goals of every task which are always in line with those of the organization. Supervisors are responsible for setting goals for every task or for the particular department. This can be achieved effectively by incorporating the subordinates within the department in setting the goals of the task or the department.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After formulating the goals, the supervisor communicates the goals to the employees and puts in place strategies which ensure that the goals will be attained. He or she provides feedback to work ers on whether the goals are being achieved or not. The supervisor conducts performance appraisals regularly and assesses employee performance to enable him or her to communicate what the employee can do to improve his or her performance. Besides, supervisors are responsible for instilling strong organizational cultures in employees by communicating their goals and ideas about the work to employees. Strong cultures encourage commitment, flexibility as well as adaptability among the workers (De Silva, 2010). The role of supervisor as coach and resource coordination Supervisor as a coach provides training and promoting of the employees. He or she ensures that new members of staff in his or her department and the organization as a whole are oriented to the tasks assigned. Supervisors develop training plans with the staff to ensure that employees acquire the necessary expertise in performing their jobs. They work with the staff/subordinates to set suitable goals, time lines as well as a ction plans. They are also responsible for delegating duties and providing support and guidance to the employees on how to go about the job. Since supervisors are the ones responsible for overseeing as well as observing their units, they have the responsibility of ensuring that resources are available to employees. They have to negotiate and help to secure resources for their departments or teams in order to maintain workflow in the department. This enables supervisors to acquire and achieve cooperation from the team as well as individual within and outside the organization (Byham, Wellins Wilson, 1991). As decision makers within the department, supervisors allocate resources and determine how the limited resources are distributed within the tasks in the department to achieve maximum effectiveness within the team.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Political perspective on employees’ performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Supervisors also need to help their subordinates identify action plans which enable them to solve their performance problems. They are in charge of the production process and responsible for the products until they leave the production area to the market. This means that they have to offer additional training or help employees to devise action plans which improve their performance, and hence, quality of the product or service. They are to help employees who experience performance problems which need corrective actions and make them do what the employees aspire to achieve. The supervisor has to empower the employee to implement the action plan successfully. Helping employees identify and implement action plans motivates the staff eliminates the possibility of poor quality products and gives employees confidence in their jobs. They also develop trust and confidence in the supervisor. Dimensions of performance Performance dimensions are measures for evaluating em ployees. They are universally applied to employees within the organization. Thus, they are those characteristics or things that an employee has to demonstrate to be effective in the organization or workplace. He or she represents knowledge as well as skills which are necessary for the success of the organization. This includes critical aspects within an employee’s roles in the organization. They are normally organizationally focused and not job focused. Performance dimensions are usually included in each employee’s performance plan. According to Sanderson and Urwin (2002), performance dimensions are designed to examine competencies of individual employees. Some of the dimensions for measuring competencies of employees include determining the employee’s verbal/nonverbal communication abilities/skills, relationship skills, organizational skills, ethics and integrity, decision making and analytical skills, objectivity, leadership and initiative skills as well as fl exibility and adaptability.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They also include examining the employee’s application of the organization’s policies, standards as well as procedures. However, the dimensions may vary from organization to organization depending on the sector in which the organization operates in as well as its vision and goals. Absolute judgment scale Advantages of absolute judgment scale Absolute judgment scale can be utilized in evaluation of responses which do not have physical measurable items or characteristics. This makes it be an appropriate tool for conducting performance appraisal of employees’ performance dimensions which can not be quantified. According to Helson (1954), the method does not require direct comparison of variables and standards. Evaluation is done by performing a weighted geometric mean of the current and past behavior or characteristic. The judgments are therefore based on comparative rating scale such as low, medium and high. The absolute categories offer fair distribution of appra isal characteristics over a range of stimuli in use. In addition, absolute judgment scale can be used to conduct performance appraisals for groups or departments since it allows experts or a team of managers to discuss and come to a consensus. Disadvantages of the absolute judgment scale In some cases, the absolute judgment scale results in a skewed frequency-distribution curve where the predominance of judgments is placed at the upper end of the scale. It means that it is subject to relative judgment by the individual doing the appraisal/evaluation. Besides, the judgments are also relative to the standard of reference adopted by the organization. Judgments are sometimes influenced by the relative time-error in that the person or panel performing the evaluation may make their judgments based on the past characteristics or behavior of the employee. Judgments could also be affected by individual bias by the person conducting the evaluation. Thus, the confidence/accuracy level of absol ute judgment scale may be low in some cases, and in addition, the judgments can not be quantified. Reference List Byham, W., Wellins, R., Wilson, J. (1991). Empowered teams: Creating self-directed work groups that improve quality, productivity, and participation. New Jersey: Jossey-Bass. De Silva, S. R. (2010). Human resource management, industrial relations and achieving management objectives. Web. Helson, H. (1954). The use of comparative scales for the evaluation of psychological data. The American Journal of Psychology, 67(2), 321. Katzenbach, J. R., Smith, D. K. (2003). The wisdom of teams: Creating the high-performance organization. New York: Harper Business Essentials. Sanderson, M., Urwin, C. (2002). A performance dimension approach to competence. Web. This report on Political perspective on employees’ performance was written and submitted by user Paula E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.