O’Connor and Chaotic Life

In â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, Flannery O’Connor highlights a chaotic family relationship in a chaotic and changing world.   The grandmother is the most animated member of the family and is constantly reminiscing about the past and lamenting about the current state of mankind.Her life is in constant contrast with the lives of the rest of her family; her aloof son Bailey and especially, the disrespectful grandchildren.   In her is the embodiment of southern values and respect, even a sense of piety.   She worries about the loss of values that others obviously disregard and dismiss.She makes an ominous statement about the character â€Å"the Misfit†, who embodies all that is bad in the world that would later make a connection with the setting of the deaths of the family.   In this final setting, the true face of human nature shines through, as the grandmother attempts to reason with the Misfit, to no avail, and then tries to save only her own life an d not the lives of the family.   It is here that it becomes obvious that reasoning with people, in this case the family and the murderer, is impossible in a world of chaos.More importantly, the human condition is presented to show that each person cares more for him or herself than their fellowman.The characters of the mother, baby, and the Misfit’s friends are very peripheral and offer little or nothing to analyze.   The couple at the barbeque place do illustrate turmoil in their lives that is easily connected to the family in the story.Red Sammy is an interesting character, who laments about the dangers of the world, as does his wife and their obvious disconnection with each other in their conversations, point to the parallel nature of an individual in a family.The grandmother seems to not be moved by the way that the woman is dismissed by Red Sammy and this reflects the grandmother’s views of people.   The grandmother constantly says that she is â€Å"a ladyà ¢â‚¬ , so the treatment of Red Sammy’s wife may be looked at by her as fine, because the wife was not as special as she.   There is another instance in the story that illustrates the way that the grandmother feels about herself, in an arrogant sense.When she sees a young black child with no pants, she explains to the grandchildren how poor people are in the country.   Though she makes no mention of how unfortunate this is, instead she begins to talk about her wish to learn how to paint, and how she would paint a picture of that boy in front of his old shack.In believing that she is a lady, she attempts to rule the family and teach the grandchildren about how they should view the world, through her own lens.Although the lens does not fit, as the world has changed and the grandmother goes back and forth between looking to the past and dealing with the future.   There is an obvious disconnect of time here, just as there is within the family.   The obvious disconnect of the family highlighted is the exasperation of Bailey toward his mother and the condescension of the children toward the grandmother.Though the grandmother sometimes acts haughty and overbearing, she does act as if she has the welfare of her family and the world at large in her thoughts and actions.   Though her lie about the plantation leads them all to death.   The lie she tells about the plantation is that there is treasure hidden somewhere in a secret place in the house.This excites the children, as they want to explore the passage and even come up with ways to get into the house (an illegal act itself).   The grandmother knows that this family is very chaotic and unbalanced, so the children would get their way.   The lie and the talk of finding treasure, because of the children’s greed led the family to their destruction, as one lie begins a course of what may be considered sins, to the ultimate sin of all.This lie leads to the meeting with the Misfit.   The Mis fit embodies all that is to be feared in the world.   He is lawless and immoral.   He is dangerous and sneaky.   But his view on the acts that he has done, illustrate the imperfection of every person and even the family, itself.He makes an interesting statement when he reveals that if you murder someone or steal from them, you will be punished.   In this way, the grandmother is forced to face her own demons, as she has believed that she is the most sensible and moral person in the family, but it is this side-tracked and mis-led trip that leads her to the realization that she is neither sensible or moral.She had remembered just before the accident that the plantation was not even in Georgia at all and the adventure that she wanted to take personally was only agreed too, because she lied to the children about its uniqueness.   Had she been sensible and moral, she would have not burdened the family with her lie. This mistake leads them all to death, one she cannot prevent for herself and does not seem to do for the rest of them.In conclusion, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is an illustration of a chaotic family in a chaotic world.   The grandmother, who acts like a beacon of hope in the family, ends of being the agent of their death.She must come face-to-face with her own demons, literally with the encounter with the Misfit and metaphorically with her own sense of herself.   The finality of the family’s deaths and the continuation of the lives of the Misfit and his friends further shows how there is no real sense of justice in the world, only chaos.   The sense is there too of it being very easy to judge someone else and to then be judged.   The grandmother continuously tells the Misfit that he is not â€Å"common†, showing her disdain for common people. It is that type of judgment that can be said to have caused her downfall from grace.Additionally, it is exactly what the Misfit wants, to be common and to blend in with o thers.   He puts on her dead son’s shirt to be this common person and her last thoughts, arguably, would have been about the way she has led her family, both in their lives and on the final journey they would ever take.Works Cited:O’Connor, F.   â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find.†Ã‚   The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction, 7th Edition.   Ed. Richard Bausch, R.V. Cassill.   New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 2005.

Principles underpinning the role of the practitioner working with children Essay

in this unit I will be explain the principles and values and why reflective practice is needed for a practitioner and what ways they can improve on their practice. I am also learning `what the responsibilities of the practitioner when maintaining professional relationships. The principles and values in a child care setting are in place to give the practitioners a guideline to help keep up hood standard of child care practice. The EYFS framework promotes the four overarching principles. The child’s welfare and safety is one of the main principles because; â€Å"the welfare of the child is paramount.† (Jago, 2011) When a child is under the care of the setting the practitioner will work closely with them; which means that they will get to know the child’s background including any medical information that they need to know about. Also the setting should use correct behaviour management. Never use physical punishment is a main principle as it is used to keep children safe; this means the setting is trying to keep them away from harm and abuse. While in the setting practitioners should follow the emergency procedures so that no one including themselves will get hurt during an evacuation; emergency evacuations should also be carried out so that when there is a fire drill or an actual fire in the setting then the children will know what to do in that type of situation. The author carried out a risk assessment in the setting which involved moving cleani ng substances so that no child could get to them and so that it didn’t cause any harm to the child. Another principle is respect the parent as the primary carer and educator of the child which means the practitioner should work closely with parents to understand their views and wishes and they should be respected where possible. â€Å"Practitioners work with parents and families who are in the care, learning and development of their children and are the child’s first and most enduring educators†. (Ruthierhyme, 2011) Practitioners work with parents if their child is getting a special mention in an assembly then they could invite the parents in to watch. The parent and child come for visits before they actually start at the setting so they know what the setting is like and who their practitioner is; this may help the child to settle in to the setting quicker when they actually start. One of the main principles is upholding the child’s rights and dignity; practitioners have to make sure that they are not stereotyping or discriminating anyone in the setting. This means that if there are a wide variety of cultures in the setting; the practitioner could do arts and crafts from their cultures. If in the setting children want to read or play then the practitioner could let them use multi-cultural dolls and books about other cultures. â€Å"Workers should not discriminate and should encourage children to avoid prejudice† (Park, unknown) The author has done this in the setting by having a boy who is Chinese; so then in the setting the author did a wide range of activities on Chinese New Year so that other children knew about the festival. A point in the CACHE statement of values and principles is â€Å"confidentiality and agreements about confidential information are respected as appropriate unless a child’s protection and well-being are at stake.† (CACHE, 2010) This means that if you are taking notes on a child’s behaviour or reading a child’s file to see special requirements, never leave it lying around for anyone else to see and when you have finished with the file place it in a locked filing cabinet. When practitioners do observe children they should not mention names or the place where the observation has been done. The author had done this in the setting to evaluate a child’s physical development and to see what could be done to improve on these skills. There are many ways that a practitioner can find out about children’s interests; some of these are, by doing observations on the children to see what they like to play with; talk to the children to see what they enjoy doing and what their hobbies may be and also discuss with parents to see what the child likes to do while they aren’t at the setting. There are benefits for the practitioner which include that they can plan a suitable environment for the children; the practitioner can engage with the children to suit their individual needs. This way the practitioner will be able to build positive relationships with both the children and their families as it extends their learning experiences. There are also many benefits for the children as well which include; the children will make a contribution to planning which will raise the child’s self-esteem which will also improve their self-confidence; this will help them to develop their skills and knowledge, it also increases chance for communication by the children communicating with the practitioner, friends and their family this will also help the children develop a positive relationship with their practitioner and peers in the setting. The author has used the wide range of ways to find out about children’s interests in the setting as there is children from various age ranges in the setting so the author used observation techniques and talking to parents to find out what type of activities children like to do so that the author can develop adult led activities around the children’s interests which will make them more engaged in the setting and want to experience a wide range of activities put into place. Reflective practice is ‘a process by which you: stop and think about your practice, consciously analyse your decision making and draw on theory and relate it to what you do in practice.’ (Physiotherapy, unknown)As a practitioner it is important to reflect on your practice as it can create a higher quality of practice. Reflective practice is an ongoing dynamic process if thinking honestly, deeply and critically about all aspects of professional practice with children and families; it occurs spontaneously as well as in planned reflection. Practitioners use reflective practice to recognise and continue good practice as well as to challenge practices that are taken for granted; to change and improve what is not working well in the setting; to monitor all aspects of practice on an on-going basis and to know how to find out more information and support from others. When a practitioner is reflecting on their practice they should usually follow the reflection cycle â€Å"formally known as the Gibbs cycle† (P, K, K, & H, 2007, p. 228) to show what they need to do â€Å"processing in order to deal with a problem. This type of reflection may take place when we have had time to stand back† (QMU, unknown)from their practice. Practitioners need to reflect on their practice because then they will bring a higher quality practice and better outcomes for children and families; the practitioner will also be aware of and values and beliefs in the setting; they are more likely to challenge other practices; they can make an inclusive environment â€Å"means accommodating, recognizing and meeting the learning needs of all students.† (Jeeves, Unknown). Practitioners also reflect on their practice as it leads to seeking out research, resources and advice and it also promotes collaboration between professionals. When practitioners reflect on their practice there is many ways they can do this. Some of the ways are: keeping reflective journals, go to meetings, talk to a mentor or critical friend, have reflective practice notice boards in the setting, professional learning experiences and action research are just a few ways in which practitioners use to reflect their practice. The author uses reflective journals as a record of thinking of all aspects of their practice. The author uses stories about the practice that she does; she uses meaningful words and drawings she also uses pictures to use as a memory to whether the activity worked well or not and whether to use the activity in the future and a reflective account on what the children involved thought of the activity. When the author does a reflective journal she can also keep an online copy for future reference if she loses the hand written one. When doing reflective practice the author also uses a mentor or critical friend to talk to, as they will be able to challenge the authors practice from another point of view. The mentor or critical friend can be there for advise, a guide, for the author to ask them questions, provide resources and shared rights; also they offer a perspective from a 3rd person angle. This  can be a colleague or someone outside of the workplace and be face-to-face, online or over the phone. Practitioners have the responsibility to maintain a professional relationship with children, families, colleagues and other professionals in a range of settings. When working in an early years setting you will be expected to work with other professionals that may be on the same site as yourself or from the community where they will be required to come into the setting. A practitioner’s main responsibility in a professional relationship varies between children, adults and other professionals. The practitioner must carry out a professional relationship whilst working with the children; to ensure that all the children are treated equally and fairly; although children should be treated equally it is also important to value diversity and understand that children do not have the same individual needs. Keeping consistent boundaries and rules are important in order for the children to become familiar with the rules and for them to develop an understanding of what they are not allowed to do while in the setting. This can be done by ensuring that there is no favouritism shown to a particular child or children. It is also essential that no child is discriminated against while they are under the practitioners care. Practitioners also need to keep a professional relationship with families. â€Å"there are many reasons for doing so, but in terms of building relationships with children this makes a significant difference† (P, K, K, & H, 2007, p. 137) So if there is a problem or worry that a parent may have about their child while in the setting then the family can talk privately with the practitioner and can discuss what they think would be a suitable way to help the child with their worry so that they can resolve the issue as this will also build a trusting relationship. Also this way the practitioner can explain to the child’s family what activities they are doing in the setting and if there are any parent and child sessions being held for them to join in with. Practitioners need to also keep a positive relationship with colleagues and  other professionals in the setting; as they will need to discuss with each other about children’s holistic development and what help the child may need to get them to their expected milestone for their age and stage of development. All practitioners in the setting can learn from each other, if you don’t fully understand how to deal with a situation in the setting , or if you need help with an activity you can watch and learn from other team members and adults; sharing responsibilities, this is a great benefit while working within a team and with other adults as there are a lot of responsibilities working in childcare; sharing the work load, by sharing the work load with adult or team members the day to day running of the setting can go quit smoothly. Practitioners need a positive relationship with multi-agency teams as then practitioners will be able to learn new skills i.e. learn techniques to do if a child has to have massages on their legs due to illness or injury as then they will have been taught from the physiotherapist what to do with the child and how many times during the day in the setting; as this will help the child be more comfortable. By practitioners building positive relationships with multi-agency teams they will be able to build a relationship with them so that they can discuss information on what they think the next steps for the child may be; this can be through social services, physiotherapist or even a speech therapist. Keeping information about children and their families confidential is essential in maintaining professional relationships because; if a child has told you information that may need to be passed on then it may need to be looked into to get to the bottom of what has happened so then the practitioner will only need to pass the information on to the correct member of staff and not tell others that don’t need to know as if this happens then they are breaking the confidentiality policy. â€Å"The nature of our work in school brings us into contact with confidential Information. All those involved with handling information working in, or with school must be able to do so sensibly and with confidence.† (School M. P., 2011) This is because if the practitioner breaks the confidentiality policy it could become a risk for the child and also the child may feel like they cannot trust the  practitioner anymore which then they will not build a positive relationship with the practitio ner and may become withdrawn for the setting. For the practitioner to have positive relationships, they will need to demonstrate and model effective Communication skills, this means that practitioners should consider both how they approach other people and how you respond to them. We are more likely to communicate information to each other if we have positive relationships. Parents and other adults either colleagues or multi agency team workers who come into the school are more likely to give beneficial support if communication is strong and effective. It is also important for pupils that we model effective communication skills. If we ask pupils to behave in a particular way when communicating and then forget to do so ourselves, they will find it harder to understand the boundaries of what is acceptable. Multi professional approach is â€Å"working together to meet the needs of a child /children by Education; Health & Social care.† (M B. , 2011) This is where professional teams from all over come to work with children that need a specific teams help and support for their learning and development. In the Every Child matter 2007 it states that there are two types of multi professional approach which are; Bibliography: Beaver M; Brewster J; Green S; Neaum S; Sheppard H; Tallack J; Walker M. (2008). CACHE level 3 Child Care and Education. London: Nelson Thornes. C, C., & A, R. (unknown, unknown unkown). Sequential transition patterns of preschoolers’ social interaction during child-initiated play. Retrieved April 29, 2014, from science direct: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0885200603000036 CACHE. (2010). CACHE Level 3 award in early years and Child Care for play workers 5th edition. Essex: Health and Education. children, A. f. (unknown, unknown unknown). developing effective positive relationships. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from action for children: http://www.actionforchildren.org.uk/policy-research/policy-priorities/developing-effective-professional-relationships Department for Children, S. a. (2009, November unknown). Every Child Matters Change for Children. Retrieved

Bhagavad Gita is the Ultimate Science of Yoga

The meaning of yoga is very common in that it links the word yoga to body posture and meditation system. However, the primitive form of yoga has deep spiritual significance and has been lost in today's body-centered world. Sanskrit language yoga has automatic roots Yuj. This means links and connections. When we talk about links and connections, there are obvious questions: what is linked to what? The term connected means that there must be two different entities separated from one another, and they need to be connected. Bhagavad-gita's yoga is the ultimate reality and absolute combination of skills. In his comments, Zaehner stated that the basic meaning of yoga is å”  Ã¥  ¨ or preparation and advocates the basic meaning of psychomotorism expressing various subtle nuances . Sivananda 's comment suggests that the 18 chapters of Bhagavad Gita have a phased order, and Krishna uses this chapter to bring Arjuna from step to yoga ladder. An influential commentator, Madhusudana Sarasvati , divided the 18 chapters of Gita into three chapters, each with six chapters. Swami Gambhirananda explained the system of Madhusudana Sarasvati as a continuous way that Karma Yoga led to Bhakti Yoga and led it to Gyaana Yoga. What is Bhagavad Gita? Bhagavad Gita is a scripture which is a story of the event that Lord Krishna revealed the ultimate science of the universe to Arjuna. Sir Krishna made it clear to him about the science of self-actualization. In this incident, Arjuna achieved self-fulfillment. Even today, after thousands of years of history, many people have read Bhagavad - gita to understand the last truth. I understand that Bhagavad Gita has reached a certain point of time, but is it possible to understand the exact meaning Shree Krishna tells Arjuna? What are the advantages of reading Sanskrit in this era? Reading Gita will help us achieve self-fulfillment? No! You need live enlightenment to achieve self-fulfillment, as you need to shine the candle to illuminate anothe r candle. Even today, it is possible to achieve self-fulfillment through the current spiritual master Pujya Deepakbhai who is blessed with Gnani Purush Dada Bhagwan.

Environmental Compliance and Safety Research Paper

Environmental Compliance and Safety - Research Paper Example This was evidenced by lack of coordination between the various agencies and companies involved in oil drilling operations during the disaster. This paper examines corrective mechanisms employed to control the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and agencies involved in the exercise. In addition, the paper explores the compliance regulations violated during the exercise. The oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was triggered by an explosion in the British Petroleum (BP) operated Macondo well on April 20, 2010. The explosion killed eleven crewmembers of the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig and several others suffered various levels of injuries (Ramseur, 2011). The blowout destroyed the drilling platform and it sunk two days later. Following the explosion, oil leakage was discovered on the sea floor and it continued discharging crude oil until its containment on July 15, 2010 (Uhlmann, 2011). According to Ramseur and Hargety (2011), over 4.9 million barrels were discharged into the water during the period. However, the exact volume of crude oil discharged remains unknown. The oil discharge was so voluminous that it contaminated the beaches of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Florida (Ramseur, 2011). The oil spill caused significant environmental and economic damage to the region. Commercial activities in the Gulf of Mexico especially commercial fishing and tourism were disrupted. Consequently, livelihoods of many people depending on these sectors were adversely affected. The impact on aquatic life was equally disastrous, killing numerous animals and plants in addition to polluting their habitats. The exact environmental, economic and social effects of the oil spill remain unknown up to date. However, the adverse environmental effects are expected to continue being felt in the affected region for many years, as demonstrated by the earlier Exxon Valdez oil discharge in 1989 (Uhlmann, 2011).

Post-war Economy in Japan and China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Post-war Economy in Japan and China - Essay Example General Douglas MacArthur held the fort of the Supreme Command of Allied Powers (SCAP), thereby commencing the reformation process that was essential for rebuilding the devastated nation (Caprio & Sugita, 2007). MacArthur endorsed an extensive series of social, political, militaristic and economic reforms that got rid of the feudal society. In 1945, the International Allied Council for Japan, whose creation was essential for assisting the United States, presided over the disbanding of Japan’s naval and military forces (Dower, 2000). Conversely, the Council controlled the dissolution of the colonial empire that was still in existence in Japan. The occupation policy by the Americans was not only essential for demilitarizing the country, but it was vital for destroying the existing conditions that had made Japan into an aggressor country (Dower, 2000). It was necessary for America to destroy these conditions to transform Japan into a democratic and peaceful nation that could not threaten other countries or international peace. The most apparent changes experienced were political. The political democratization focused on revising the Meiji constitution, leading to the promulgation of a new constitution in 1947 (Dower, 2000). Apart from expanding the electorate to accommodate every adult, including women, the new constitution guaranteed the citizens fundamental political and civil rights. Other guaranteed rights were inclusive of the rights to collective bargaining and the right of labor. Economically, America instituted land reforms, which was an essential consideration that could support the political changes made. The provision took away land from big landowners, thereby distributing the large tracts to the farmers who constituted approximately 50% of the labor force in the country (Dower, 2000). The Japanese inhabitants welcomed the changes implemented.

Critically Evaluate the Competitiveness of the International Essay

Critically Evaluate the Competitiveness of the International Hospitality Industry in the Context of Globalization - Essay Example The advancements in information technology have made it more convenient for hotels, restaurants, and the hospitality industry to gain access to a wider audience and a wider consumer base. With these considerations, this paper shall critically evaluate the competitiveness of the international hospitality industry in the context of globalization. A discussion on the globalization drivers shall first be laid out followed by a discussion on the following aspects: the impact of globalization, impact of transnational companies and multinational companies and deregulation, impact of globalization on SMEs, taxation and economic leakage, inequality in globalization, and the future of the hospitality industry. Body Globalization drivers The competitiveness of the international hospitality industry in the context of globalization is impacted by different factors. One of these factors includes the globalization drivers, which are mainly, cost, market, government, and competitive drivers. Market drivers for globalization are very much based on common customer needs, and are also based on global market channels and global customers (University of Kentucky, n.d). The strength of market drivers are evaluated from a range of multidomestic markets to the global market. For example, the market for specific foods or cuisines would likely find greater success in the local or domestic setting; however, the market for automobiles, computers, and hotels, fast food chains can be high on the global scale (University of Kentucky, n.d). Cost drivers are also drivers for globalization and include elements which relate to global-sized economies, including source efficiencies, production differences, high production development costs, as well as rapidly shifting technologies (Jager, 2009). The Science Initiative Group Institute for Advanced Study (2007) discusses that globalization is driven by cost which is largely based on the economic conditions of organizations. The persistent pressures on the â€Å"economies of scale, advances in technology, and increasing cost of product development are factors that are relevant in this grouping† (Summers, 2005, p. 284). The emergence of innovations adapted by those involved in the hospitality industry determines the costs incurred, and thereby impacts significantly on the call for globalization. In this case, advances in the manner of doing business, including internet availability and advertisements impact on trade costs, prompting other businessmen in the hospitality industry to consider these same innovations (Whitla, Walters, and Davies, 2007). The actions of these drivers are based on other competitors (Summers, 2005). Elements which include increased world trade, new global markets, growth of global economies, and the increased number of competitors all impact on this driver, triggering considerations of globalization (Summers, 2005). Increasing competition among corporations and businesses in the hope of winning ov er customer consumption preferences has also prompted many corporations to improve the marketability of their products. Current trends in most products include the digitalization trends, where most products have now shifted towards digital versions –

Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Style - Essay Example James Joyce has also zeroed in on the psychoanalysis, whereby his mind has acknowledged the streams of consciousness within his work. It is a concise example of a writer who is trying his best to make do with the intrinsic realities of a heroine as well as her endeavors to deal with the surroundings. Hypotactic Style in Eveline The social conditions of the women within Ireland are highlighted within Eveline which they faced within the latter years of the 19th century (Gordon 1995). The hypotactic style has been presented from the thoughts of the heroine as these are being depicted through her mind whilst recalling events sitting in front of a window. The story seems to be non-linear in structure. James Joyce has been able to represent the hypotactic style through his interest on character thoughts. What one can understand from the short story Eveline is the ideology that James Joyce has given his best at making people understand the nuances of thinking and how perspectives are aligne d in a way that seems fit with the hypotactic style as is surely known through the aegis of James Joyce. What one can comprehend from Eveline is the fact that it centers on the premise of different characters living within Dublin who were having issues in dealing with the time period. Eveline is the advent between adolescence and maturity.

Amazon Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Amazon Business Strategy - Essay Example Amazon.com targets three main audiences for its services. First, the company targets those consumers that value low prices, convenience, and a wide selection. The second target of Amazon.com is those sellers, who wish to make their sales through the Amazon.com platform, using the company’s infrastructure. Additionally, Amazon.com targets the enterprises, which wish to outsource technical capabilities to Amazon.com. In this case, therefore, the business it can be deduced that Amazon.com has three major business models for each category of its target customers (Johnson, Whittington & Scholes 2011). Amazon.com has a distinct business strategy, which has helped it to maintain the top position among the online retailers today. However, over the years, the company has adjusted its business model in order to increase its level of competitiveness in the market. Since the year 2007 to 2009, Amazon.com has adopted new aspects in its strategy, which have contributed to its sustained succ ess in the market. Therefore, the company introduced new business units, which it deemed relevant to its customers, and which it considered were capable of increasing company productivity and customer satisfaction. When Amazon.com was founded, the aspect of growth was core to its business strategy. Nonetheless, the company seems to have upheld the concept of growth, as seen in the further advancement and development of its business strategy. Today, there are different new business units that were adopted by Amazon.com and integrated in its business strategy between 2007 and early 2009 and these are still important to the company, as they have considerably led to a boost in the company’s productivity. First, in the year 2008, Amazon.com increased the number of its fulfillment centers. A major addition to the existent fulfillment centers was developed in Hazleton, PA, while another one was established in Arizona (Johnson, Whittington & Scholes 2011). This move by Amazon.com to add more fulfillment centers would benefit the company in various ways. Most importantly is that Amazon.com would be able to serve more customers, since the increased number of fulfillment centers increased the capacity of commodities, which the company could store for shipment to customers. Additionally, Amazon.com in 2008 launched the â€Å"Frustration-Free Packaging† (Johnson, Whittington & Scholes 2011). This kind of packaging reduces the overall amount of packaging materials used. This is advantageous to both the company and its consumers. To the company, this initiative saves costs, as less material is used for packaging. On the other hand, this makes the customers of Amazon.com to experience a great shopping experience. The frustration-free packaging is designed to be opened easily without a knife or struggles, while protecting the products inside, thus reducing customers’ wrap rage. Additionally, this packaging is recyclable. This initiative has been widely wel comed by most Amazon.com customers. This therefore, boosts customer loyalty to the company, which is paramount for increased company success. Technology is another core strategy, which Amazon.co has continually embraced. Between 2007 and 2009, Amazon.com has enhanced its technology levels by introducing new technological business aspects. First, in 2007, Amazon.com developed Kindle; an e-book reader device,

Social Construction of Race Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Construction of Race - Essay Example Or he might consider himself as European because, though he lived in Asia, he lives as a European still. In this case, the basis for race classification is not physical feature but the cultural values of the person. This indicates that we can never know for sure the race of the person by looking at them. 2. Media is one powerful tool in shaping a society’s culture, values and preference. At the present time, the media is used by everyone. And we mean every form media, not just television or radio. Nowadays, the power of social media with the dawn of the World Wide Web is clearly visible. It shapes how people think and believe. Media can actually be used to open the perspective of different nations, not just in critical events such as war, economy and politics but also other issues concerning education, women and crime. Because media can now encompass all ages and all races, it can be used to create a venue for open dialogue between different societies in order to create resolu tions for different problems, whether it’s big or small. It can open a nation’s eyes on how their own people believe in but it also can bridge the gap between different nations.

The beginning of the social media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The beginning of the social media - Essay Example The early social media explorers made gadgets that were called â€Å"boxes† which were homemade devices that were capable of generating tones hence allowing people to make calls as well as get an experimental back end of telephone systems (Peacock, 2011). Social media has various impacts to our lives especially the people who spend most of their times in social networks. Today, social media has enslaved 72% of men and 79% of women (Trusov, Bucklin, & Pauwels 2009). It has become part of our culture and almost everyone has been affected either directly or indirectly. One of the most profound effects of social media is its impact on our interaction with other people in offline situations. Social competency is a very vital ideal, which majorities of the people strive towards; however, it is very evident that social media affects people’s ability competently interacts in an offline setting. Recent studies based on social competency of teenagers and youths who spend most of their time on social media networks are very conflicting. For instance, a research conducted by the national institute of health showed that youths with stronger and positive offline relationships are probably those that frequently use social media networks in a dditional to interacting face-to –face with the peers (Ryan, 2011). Conversely, other studies show that social media is the excellent avenue for most introverted people to interact with others. Most of the people who are not comfortable in face-to-face interactions prefer interacting with other people in the online environment. The growth and popularity of social media is growing at very fast rates due the advancement in technology. The internet plays a very important role in the growth of social media networks. Today, the internet offers us with various social networking sites that enable us to interact with our friends online. Current

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example for Free

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Thru ought the story To Kill a Mockingbird there are lots of important characters. But there is one specific family everyone is curious about; the Radley family. There were only four inhabitants of their household Mr. and Mrs. Radley, Boo, and Nathan Radley. Everyone wondered what they would do in their house? Mrs. Radley only came out to sweep the porch, Nathan only came out to get groceries and to help when Miss Maudie’s house was burning down, and Boo only comes out when he supposedly give Scout the blanket when Miss Maudie’s house is burning down and at the end when the most significant part when he comes out and help Scout and Jem escape from Mr. Ewell. But like Atticus said, â€Å"you never really know a person until you consider things from his point of view . . . until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. † The Radley house was described as â€Å"The remains of a picket drunkenly guarded the front yard-a â€Å"swept† yard that was never swept-where Johnson grass and rabbit-tobacco grew in abundance. † (Page 8) This is what I pictured the house to look like but with more trees and weed blocking the place because Boo never came out. Nathan only came back to live with his family so he can take care of his sick mom. Mr. Radley only came out to get groceries. And Mrs. Radley only came out for a mid-morning coffee break with her neighbors. They weren’t religious in anyway, you could never find them at church or in a missionary circle. Mr. Radley to my imagination and character analysis was pictured as protective. My favorite quotation that both describe Mr. and Mrs. Radley is the one where Dolphus Raymond speaks to Scout and Dill outside the courtroom. He says, â€Å"I try to give ‘em a reason, you see. It helps folks if they can latch onto a reason. . . He can’t help himself, that’s why he lives the way he does. † (Page 200) This quote describes the Radley parents so well to me because in the beginning of the book the narrator, Scout, talks about how Arthur Radley at once became friends and started causing raucous around Maycomb County. Eventually, they Cunningham boys and Arthur got into some trouble and had to go to jail. Arthur’s dad was there to back him up all the way, he had bailed him out of jail and begged the judge to let him go promising him that his son wouldn’t cause anymore trouble. So, after that the Radleys’ stayed inside a whole lot except to get the necessities they needed and this quote reminded me of the Radleys’ because they maybe just gave people a reason to think they stayed inside was because of their son. Maybe it wasn’t really because of that.

NaOH Standardization and Titration of an Unknown Organic Acid Essay Example for Free

NaOH Standardization and Titration of an Unknown Organic Acid Essay NaOH Standardization and Titration of an Unknown Organic Acid Overview: Methods for counting the number of molecules in a sample is a major emphasis of laboratory work. In this experiment we will use the method of titration to count the number of acid molecules in a solution. Measuring mass is a relatively easy procedure to do in the lab (although a balance is expensive). Counting the number of particles requires more effort. Molecular counting can be done by setting an unknown amount of a substance equal to a known amount of substance. In the titration we will perform in lab this week, you will add OH ions to solution until they are equivalent to the number of H+ ions in solution. The point at which this mole equivalency occurs is known as the equivalence point. An indicator in the solution will change color to signal that the equivalence has been reached (actually, the indicator responds to the slightest excess of OH ions). The color change in a titration is called the endpoint. At the equivalence point of the titration, the moles of OH (base) are equivalent to the moles of H+ (acid) in the sample. The moles of OH added to the solution from a buret are calculated from the concentration of the base (MOH) and the volume of base (VOH) added, as: V (L) n (mol) Lmol MOH OH OH The lab goal is to determine the molar mass of an unknown monoprotic acid. The grams of acid are determined from weighing the acid and the moles are determined from the titration with NaOH. Because it is a monoprotic acid, the moles of acid are equal to the moles of OH at the endpoint of the titration. n (mol) n (mol) OH acid Standardization of NaOH: Last week in lab you prepared a NaOH solution with an approximate concentration of 0.1 M. The first task is to determine the exact concentration of that solution by titrating the NaOH against a known amount of acid. The known amount of acid you will use comes from dissolving the solid acid potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP, FW = 204.2212 g/mol) in 25 mL of H2O. KHP is a large organic molecule, but can be viewed simply as a monoprotic acid. The titration of the KHP with NaOH can be express by the chemical reaction: OH (aq) + KHP(aq) H2O + KP (aq) To standardize (determine the concentration of) your NaOH solution Lmol you will measure volume of NaOH required to reach the titration endpoint. At the equivalence point the moles of NaOH are equivalent to the moles of KHP titrated. n (mol) n (mol) NaOH KHP .Before you titrate a KHP sample, begin with a practice titration of 25 mL of a 0.1 M HCl solution with your NaOH. A  practice titration is a good way to begin any titration. It lets you know the approximate concentration of your NaOH solution and the behavior of the indicator at the endpoint. Prepare a buret with your NaOH solution. Recall how you clean the buret first with DI water and then rinse the buret with about 10 mL of your NaOH solution. Drain the rinse NaOH into a large waste beaker at your lab bench. Finally, fill your buret with NaOH,. Be sure to fill the tip of the buret before you use it and make sure there are no bubbles in the tip. With your graduated cylinder measure approximately 25 mL of 0.1M HCl. Record the exact volume you use. Add the HCl to an erlenmyer flask and add three drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Titrate the acid solution with the NaOH. Place the erlenmyer flask under the buret on a white sheet of paper (or towel). Remember to make an initial volume reading before you begin. You should need nearly the same volume of base as you have acid for this titration, because the molarities of each are similar. You can titrate quickly at first, but as you get near the endpoint slow your titrating. Small amounts of titrant can be added by quickly rotating the buret stopcock one revolution as you approach the end point. Even smaller quantities of a single drop can be added as you approach the end point. Remember this is only practice. Don t spend a lot of time on this step. After you have reached the endpoint, the lightest pink color that will persist for 20 seconds, show this solution to your TA. Anything past light pink indicates a solution with excess OH and you will be over counting the moles of acid in solution. After this practice titration, refill your buret, dump your titrated solution down the drain, and rinse your glassware with DI water. Standardization of NaOH with KHP: Prepare a solution with a known number of moles of acid, by weighing exactly, approximately 0.5 grams of the solid acid KHP in a weigh boat. (Do not add KHP to the weigh boat while on the balance!) Add the weighed acid to a large erlenmyer flask. If any of the KHP remains on the weigh boat use your squirt bottle to rinse all of the KHP into the erlenmyer flask. Dissolve the acid in approximately 30 mL of water the exact amount does not matter. Add four drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Titrate the KHP acid solution with the NaOH. Place the erlenmyer flask under the buret on a white sheet of paper (or towel). Remember to make an initial volume reading before you begin. If not all of the KHP is dissolved, you can still begin the titration. Just make sure that all the  KHP is dissolved before you reach the titration endpoint. The first titration is always the most difficult because you do not know how carefully you need to add the titrant. In this case, you should be able to add 15 mL of NaOH without passing the endpoint. As you are adding your initial amounts of NaOH,notice the pink color of the indicator right as the NaOH enters the solution. As the pink color begins to persist, slow the titration down. Do not let the buret go below 50 mL during the titration. If you get close to 50 mL, stop the titration, record the volume of the buret and then refill the buret and continue to titrate. The end point of the titration occurs when the solution is the lightest pink color that will persist for 20 seconds. It is very likely that you will overshoot the endpoint on your first try. Don t let this worry you. Record the final volume on the buret. At the equivalence point, you have added the exact number of moles of OH as there were moles of acid initially. The moles of acid (monoprotic) you can determine from the mass of the acid and its molar mass (KHP = 204.2212 g/mol). Before you continue, calculate the approximate concentration of your NaOH solution. Perform a second titration of KHP with NaOH. Weigh and dissolve another 0.5 g sample of KHP and dissolve it in a clean erlenmyer flask. The flask can be wet inside. Why can the Erlenmyer flask be wet when sample is added, but the buret must be carefully rinsed with the solution that will eventually be dispensed? Refill your buret with NaOH and titrate the new KHP sample to its pink endpoint. Do not forget to make an intial buret reading, add indicator and not go past 50 mL on the buret. After the titration, calculate the concentration (molarity) of your NaOH solution. Titrate a third KHP sample with the intent of obtaining a third measurement of your NaOH solution concentration. After tititrating the third sample, calculate the NaOH concentration and compare all three calculations of the NaOH concentrations. If the three measurements of the concentration are the same to within 0.02 M, you may conclude that the concentration of your NaOH is the average of these three measurements. If you have accomplished this precision in your standardization of NaOH, continue to the titration on an unknown acid. If any of the measured NaOH concentrations are more than 0.02 M, you should perform a fourth standardization titration, using another 0.5 g sample of KHP. After examining the four concentration of NaOH, determine if any one concentration is suspect as either too large or too small. You  can do this by inspection. However, there are statistical tests (Student T-tests) that will calculate if a data point is an outlier. If we ever team teach this course with Math140 we will use the student T-test at this point. For now, if three concentrations are within 0.02 M then average these three concentrations as the NaOH concentration. If you still don t have three measurements within 0.02 M of each other, perform a fifth standardization with a new sample of KHP. Obtain the NaOH concentration from the fifth titration and average all five measurements to obtain an average NaOH concentration.Titration of an Unknown Acid to Determine Molar Mass: The units of molar mass are g/mol. This intensive property is the ratio of two extensive properties, as is shown in the figure below. To determine the molar mass of your unknown acid, you will perform the titration of the unknown acid in the same way you performed the titration of KHP. Obtain from your TA an unknown acid sample vial. Write your unknown number in your notebook. This sample vial contains two samples of your unknown acid. Weigh the vial and all its contents. Add half of the acid to a clean erlenmyer flask. Reweigh the sample vial to determine how much acid you will be titrating in Trial # 1. Note: There are only two samples of your unknown available. Exercise caution while titrating. Treating the unknown acid in the same way as the KHP sample, titrate to the endpoint and calculate the moles of NaOH require to reach the endpoint. From the mass and mole measurements of the unknown acid, determine the molar mass of the unknown acid. Clean your glassware and repeat the titrtation on the second sample of unknown acid. To report the molar mass of the acid, take an average of the two molar mass measurements. Report the uncertainty as half of the difference between the two mass measurements (ex. if Trial # 1 gives a mass of 240 g/mol and Tiral # 2 gives 256 g/mol the average should be reported as 248 8 g/mol). Before you leave the lab, clean your buret with distilled water then place it upside down in the buret clamp with the stopcock open. All solutions can be placed down the sink. Return your unknown vial to your TA. Finally, turn in your blue notebook pages

International Trade And Comparative Advantage Economics Essay

International Trade And Comparative Advantage Economics Essay International Trade is the exchanging process of goods, and services across the international border. In 2010, the value of international tread achieved 19 trillion (US) dollars that is about 30% of the world GDP (Abedini, n.d.). That is nearly one third of production of goods and services are exchanged internationally around the world. International trade is the exchange between two people or entities in two different countries. International trade theories are different type of theories that explain international trade (New Charter University, 2012). People want to exchange goods and services because they believe that they get benefit from the exchange. Many economists believe that the participation in international trade increase productivity. Trade theoretical work suggests that the level of productivity and growth may increase through its effects on technology. There are many portion of international trade, which lead to technological change and this increased the rate of economic growth. There are mainly three mechanisms by that technology change: increased competitive pressure, embodiment in imports and knowledge transfer by commercial contacts (Sjà ¶holm 1997) Economists have developed theories to explain the mechanisms of global trade. The main historical theories are called classical theory. This is based on country. After some time theories began to move to explain trade from a firm or company based not a country perspective. This is known as modern theory(New Charter University, 2012). Classification of different theories: http://images.flatworldknowledge.com/carpenteribus/carpenteribus-fig05_004.jpg COUNTRY BASED THEORIES Mercantilism This theory is the earliest theory which developed in the sixteenth century. According to this theory a countrys wealth is determined by the amount of its gold and silver holding(New Charter University 2012). Mercantilist believed that a country should increase its gold and silver by the increase of export and discouraging the import (7). The main purpose of each country was to have trade surplus, and avoid a trade deficit. Through a form of neo-mercantilism countries such as Japan, China, Singapore, Taiwan, and even Germany still favor exports and discourage imports(New Charter University, 2012). Absolute advantage Adam smith offered a new theory called absolute advantage. This theory stated that a country focus on the ability to produce a good more efficiently than another nation (New Charter University, 2012). He said that trade should follow naturally according to market forces. For example if one country produce a good cheaper and faster as compare to other so it is better to focus on specialization on producing that good. Smiths theory said that increase the specialization in both countries would benefit for both countries and trade should be also encouraged (7). This theory state that a country wealth cannot be measure by how much gold and silver it had but by the living standards of its people can be measure. Comparative advantage David Ricardo, introduce the theory of comparative advantage in the 1817(New Charter University 2012). This theory stated that if only one country had the absolute advantage in the production of more than one product, specialization and trade could still occur between two countries. When a country cannot produce a product more efficiently than the other country than comparative advantage occurs. It can produce that product better and more efficiently than it does other goods (Voss Voss, 2008). This theory explains that how countries through imports can increase their welfare by simultaneously selling goods and services in international market (7). Two countries can get benefit even if one country could produce all goods with fewer resources. The other, provide the relative efficiency with which goods can be produce differs between the two countries. (John Sloman) Heckscher-Ohlin Theory (Factor Proportions Theory) Eli Hechscher and Bertil Ohlin, focused their attention on how a country could gain comparative advantage by producing products(New Charter University, 2012). This theory mostly focuses on countrys production factors like land, labor, and capital, which provide funds for investment in plant and equipment. This theory said that the cost of any resource depend on supply and demand. This theory is also known as factor proportions theory. Countries would import goods that were in short supply, but higher demand. For example, in China and India labor cost is cheap hence these countries have become the optimal location for labor intensive industries (Lee, Qian, Julie, and Ying, 2004). Modern or Firm-Based Trade Theories These theories came out after Second World War. Large part of these theories is developed by business school professors, not economist. The firm-based theories incorporate other product and service factors that include brand and customer loyalty, technology and quality, into the understanding of trade flows. Country similarity theory This theory devolved in 1961 by the Steffan Linder (New Charter University, 2012). Linders theory said that consumers in countries that are in the same or similar stage of development would have similar preferences. This theory stated that companies first produce for domestic consumption. It is very difficult to find out similar market as like domestic one, on the basis of customer preference. This theory is useful in decision-making and purchasing processes in understanding trade in goods where brand name and product reputations are most important factors in the buyers. Product life cycle theory This theory stated that every product life cycle has three distinct stages: new product, maturing product, and product decline. This theory developed by Harvard Business School professor Raymond Vernon(New Charter University, 2012). Global strategic rivalry theory Economist Paul Krugman and Kelvin Lancaster introduce this theory in 1980(New Charter University, 2012). This theory based on MNCs and their efforts to gain a competitive advantage against other global firms in there industry. Porters national competitive advantage theory In 1990 Michael Porter of Harvard Business School developed a new model of explain national competitive advantage(New Charter University, 2012). This said that a nations competitiveness in an industry depends on the capacity of the industry to innovate and upgrade. Porter identified four determinants that he linked together (Smit, 2010). The four determinants are local market resource and capabilities, local market demand conditions, local supplier and complementary industries and local firm characteristics. http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0308596104000795-gr2.jpg(15) Assumptions of comparative advantage: Comparative advantage theory is helpful to make a number of assumptions. This theory said that there are no transportation costs or can say transportation cast are ignored. Mostly all costs are invariable and there are no economies of scale. There are only two economies creating two goods. This theory assumes that all traded goods are homogeneous. This theory assumes that factors of production are assumed to be perfectly mobile. This theory assumes that no tariffs or other trade barriers. This theory provides perfect knowledge, so that every buyers and sellers know where they can get cheapest goods internationally. This theory assumes labor is perfectly mobile within the country but perfectly immobile between countries. Doubling the inputs in each country leads to a doubling of total output of company. LITERATURE REVIEW New Zealand is heavily dependent on international trade. Currently import protection of New Zealand is low. Vernon was the first to who alert to rising importance of codified knowledge and key skill as a platform for the product cycle, outsourcing, off shoring and franchising. New Zealand has wage ratios that are less or more typical of the North. So there is one question came out, how can New Zealand firms and government plan future trade capability in this global market environment? The large countries not depend on the external sector as much as the small countries. Small countries depend on the external sector to achieve higher economic growth and maintain a higher living standard. New Zealands is also not potential to generate good economic it is also dependent on its international competitiveness. New Zealand is dependent on export achieve sustainable growth. The major portion of New Zealands external trade of export income comes from bulk commodities such as meat and dairy products, wood and pulp(9). Primary commodities still dominate New Zealands export- in the 60s the share of primary commodities was over 85%. Now days, New Zealands land-based export is 67%.(9) In other developed countries the primary export share is decreasing as manufacturing but service exports are rising. New Zealand produces a large quantity of primary commodities because of good natural resource endowment. The primary sector of New Zealand to export is agricultural, horticultural, and forestry industries(9). The homogenous nature of the New Zealand agribusiness and forestry sectors and New Zealand focus in research, development and innovation in these sectors that can improve the export competitiveness. This focus has positive implication for economies of scale. Between 1999 and 2007 the New Zealand gained and lost comparative advantage in more than 200 products(10). This information suggests that New Zealand exporters want to change market demands and opportunities. Beyond the primary product sector New Zealand has not diversified. New Zealands economic developments start since the late 1890s by the opportunity to sell primary product products like wool, dairy products and meat to the United Kingdom and other industrialized countries(9). But after the Second World War the demand for food and industrial raw materials was increased. This demand increased export activities of many countries including New Zealand. Analysis of export and import of New Zealand Export and import can be a great way to inter into new market and expand business. New Zealand context, policy-induced distortions are perhaps less prominent on the imports side than the exports side. New Zealand exports statistics measure sales by resident firms and individuals to non-residents. The incomes of New Zealand include in investment income rather than exports in balance of payment statement. New Zealand is heavily dependent on agricultural products. More than one-third of the worlds international dairy trade leads by New Zealand. More than 100 million people feed dairy product. New Zealand dairy industry contributes 25% of export earnings(12). In 2009 New Zealands total exports amounted to $26.25 billion, its total imports came in at $24.29 billion (11). In December 2011 New Zealand total export grew by 9.6% to reach $47.7 billion. Australia is the largest exports market for New Zealand, taking 22.7% of New Zealands exports. New Zealands second largest market for export is China. New Zealand nearly export 12.3% to china and New Zealands export to the china grew by over $1 billion in 2011(13). New Zealand export to the USA 8.4% of its total export. In the year of December 2011 the total imports of New Zealand, valued at $44.5 billion. China has good market and New Zealand imports from china were valued at $7.049 billion. New Zealand sourced 15.8%of its total imports from china. The import from Australia fell by $ 300 million to $7.039 billion. The main factor contributed to this decline was the drop in NZs mineral fuel import. New Zealand import valued from the USA at $4.8 billion. New Zealand import 10.7% of its total import from the USA. New Zealand has strongest revealed comparative advantage in product based on the agriculture, horticulture, fishing or forestry industries. These include number of product like dairy product, in particular milk, milk powder butter and cheese. These include meat, frozen sheep, beef offal and many more seafood like mussels, crayfish, and frozen fish. These also include many kind of wool like combed, yarn and greasy wool (10). Some horticultural based products including fresh fruit, clover, frozen vegetable, onions, and honey and ryegrass seeds included in comparative advantage. A number of wood products these primary-based products rely on relatively sophisticated innovation inputs such as research and development. Dairy products are a good example in New Zealands innovation in production, processing, packaging, distribution, logistics (10). New Zealand also has expertise in these areas to develop a high comparative advantage in certain elaborately transformed manufactures. These contain machines for cleaning, sorting, grading, and dairy machinery, agricultural and bee-keeping plant, and milking machines. New Zealand has very good comparative advantage in a verity of manufacturing product and these manufactures are intermediate or capital good used by businesses rather than households (10) (9) CONCLUSION The aim of this text is to provide more insight on the concept of international trade and its impact in global economy. Several theories have been forwarded to explain the dawn of this global phenomenon influencing the New Zealand trade and businesses around the world. Although the theories have started from the classical view point stemming from the fact that trade has it is based on countries, it should evolved to encompass the idea that organizational perspective seems more feasible. The continuum explaining the advent of international trade started mercantilism advocating the need to encourage export and discourage import but with many criticisms from the forefather of Economics Adam Smith with his Absolute advantage theory which seemed much avant-gardes at that time. The relatively recent theory adding to the literature of International Trade is that of Porters national competitive advantage theory preaching the importance of national competitive theory of an industry to constantly innovate. Theories proposed by great researchers have been numerous each criticizing or adding to the existing literatures. However, it cannot be denied that in this era of globalization and interdependency of nations, international trade has become the buzzword of most economists. Despite criticisms and its certain drawbacks, International Trade is now a dominant factor in the global marketplace and nearly-if not all-countries have adopted it. As an ending word, it can be said that International Trade is here to stay.

Comparison of The Judges House versus The Signalman :: essays research papers

I think that mystery stories are so popular with people today, and with the last couple of generations because they are so intriguing. The author tries to give the story an element of surprise and also put twists in the tails to keep the reader guessing. Rather than just watching a film it allows the reader to build up their own imagination and interpret the story in their own way. The author will also try to integrate a ghost or spirit into the story, whether it be physically there or just psychologically, this gives the sense of mystery and usually results in the protagonist of the story dying. During the Victorian era mystery stories were especially popular, this was due to television and cinema not being in existence, so people had enliven themselves in other ways, in this case with books. In Victorian times religion was cogent and people believed in God more than people today, this meant that people thought what happen in mystery stories was very plausible. However with the adva ncement of science, people regard mystery stories as fully fictional, conversely some individuals and groups do still believe in the existence of ghosts and spirits. The two stories, ?The Judges House? and ?The Signalman? have atmosphere built up through the setting of the story as well as other things including the characters and also the dialogue. First of all, the judge?s house has a very weird sort of setting. It is set in a large, old house with high windows and tall walls, basically a very stereotypical sort of house for a mystery story. However this decrepit house is situated in the middle of a community, with a wide array of people and vehicles there. This sort of area you would expect to be safe, however this could have given Malcolm Malcolmson, the protagonist, a false sense of security as the house has high walls isolating it from the rest of the community. The author describes the house as ?a fortified house than an ordinary dwelling? this suggests that it was not just a few fences around the house, rather iron bars on windows and large iron gates, these are the things you would stereotypically relate to this type of story. ?The Signalman? is not the kind of setting you would expect for a story of this nature, it is set on a railway cutting which is far from stereotypical however a railway cutting could be seen as an industrial area which can be associated with gloominess, fog and smoke. Comparison of The Judges House versus The Signalman :: essays research papers I think that mystery stories are so popular with people today, and with the last couple of generations because they are so intriguing. The author tries to give the story an element of surprise and also put twists in the tails to keep the reader guessing. Rather than just watching a film it allows the reader to build up their own imagination and interpret the story in their own way. The author will also try to integrate a ghost or spirit into the story, whether it be physically there or just psychologically, this gives the sense of mystery and usually results in the protagonist of the story dying. During the Victorian era mystery stories were especially popular, this was due to television and cinema not being in existence, so people had enliven themselves in other ways, in this case with books. In Victorian times religion was cogent and people believed in God more than people today, this meant that people thought what happen in mystery stories was very plausible. However with the adva ncement of science, people regard mystery stories as fully fictional, conversely some individuals and groups do still believe in the existence of ghosts and spirits. The two stories, ?The Judges House? and ?The Signalman? have atmosphere built up through the setting of the story as well as other things including the characters and also the dialogue. First of all, the judge?s house has a very weird sort of setting. It is set in a large, old house with high windows and tall walls, basically a very stereotypical sort of house for a mystery story. However this decrepit house is situated in the middle of a community, with a wide array of people and vehicles there. This sort of area you would expect to be safe, however this could have given Malcolm Malcolmson, the protagonist, a false sense of security as the house has high walls isolating it from the rest of the community. The author describes the house as ?a fortified house than an ordinary dwelling? this suggests that it was not just a few fences around the house, rather iron bars on windows and large iron gates, these are the things you would stereotypically relate to this type of story. ?The Signalman? is not the kind of setting you would expect for a story of this nature, it is set on a railway cutting which is far from stereotypical however a railway cutting could be seen as an industrial area which can be associated with gloominess, fog and smoke.

Vladimir Tatlin and Naum Gabo Modern Art Essay -- compare, contrast, ar

This paper will explore Vladimir Tatlin and Naum Gabo differences on the role of the Avant-Garde artists and how their beliefs influence the kind of work they produced. A pioneer of Russian design Vladimir Tatlin is a representative of Russian Realism. He left home when he was fifteen and served on the shipboard. When he became a painter, he often represented sailors in his pictures Art and culture in Russia after Revolution was a tool for creating industrially aesthetical reality. Tatlin’s project The Monument to the Third International (1920) one that so much can be considered an architectural work as a sculptural piece, it constituted by a spiral of iron that is expanded diagonally and enclosed by walls of glass of a much higher height to that of the Eiffel tower. It was never embodied into life, but this project shows that socialist order propagation was of primary concern for artists of the beginning of 20th century in Russia (Avant-Garde, Tatlin). Thus, in accordance wit h Tatlin, avant-garde artist transfers ideas of social reality of his modernity. In his project Tatlin wanted to reflect technological progress of post-revolutionary Russia. He was called â€Å"artist of great culture, a true master, who is a devoted worker for the proletarian revolution† (Avant-Garde – Abstraction in Constructivism). Tatlin, V. Model of the Monument to the Third International Naum Gabo is another representative of Constructivism and in his Realist Manifesto (1920) Gabo claimed that it was relevant and in the spirit of an epoch to substitute static mass with a dynamic form. He said about himself: â€Å"making images to communicate my feelings of the world†(Gabo, 1962). Gabo considered an artist as a talented master, who is able to catch up mome... ...sthetics and defends the liberty of creation; he defends the subjective thing in the work of art, the conscious process of creation. In conclusion Vladimir Tatlin and Naum Gabo have differences on the role of the Avant-Garde artist. According to Tatlin, avant-garde artist transfer ideas of social reality of his modernity and Gabo claimed that it was relevant in the spirit of an epoch to substitute static mass with a dynamic form. Even though both Tatlin and Gabo’s work were influenced by conceptually different beliefs their works are both represented abstractedly. Works Cited Avant-Garde – Abstraction in Constructivism: Vladimir Tatlin's 'The Monument to the Third International'. Available from: Gabo, N. Of Divers Arts. New York: Faber and Faber, 1962.

Pride and Prejudice Essay: The Character of Elizabeth -- Pride and Pre

The Character of Elizabeth in Pride and Prejudice       In her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen portrays Elizabeth Bennet as "strong and intelligent, yet bewitching in a completely feminine way". Elizabeth's possession of these attributes: strength of character and moral integrity, great intelligence, and an attractive personality, make her an admirable person. Yet Elizabeth has faults, which makes her more human. Austen's portrayal of Elizabeth is realistic and masterful, often juxtaposing her with characters lacking her attributes to heighten our appreciation of her. The claim that Elizabeth is strong is indisputable. The strength of her personal integrity is highly evident in her refusal of Darcy's first marriage proposal. At the time, she believed Darcy to be arrogant and selfish, based on Wickham's account of Darcy's disgraceful behaviour towards him. She was also furious with him for ruining Jane's chance of happiness (through marrying Bingley). Yet, it would have been prudent for her, a girl with only  £1,000 and 4% interest annually from it, to marry Darcy, whose estate is worth  £10,000 a year. She never wavers, though -- "her intentions did not vary for an instant". The strength of her convictions and loyalty towards her sister made her reject his offer, and with it, probably all possibility of her every marrying "well" and securing a comfortable future. Also, she was not intimidated by Darcy's wealth and high social status, daring to tell him exactly what she thought of him and to risk his anger by offending him -- "You could not hav e made me the offer of your hand in any possible way that would have tempted me to accept it." It is very clear that Elizabeth's principles are uncompromisable. Elizabeth ... ...on & Company, 1966. 374-388. Litz, A. Walton, Jane Austen: A Study of Her Artistic Development. Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 198. Moler, Kenneth. Pride and Prejudice: A Study in Artistic Economy. Boston, MA: Twayne Publishers, 1989. Mullane, Janet & Wilson, Robert Thomas, Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Detroit, MI: Gale Research Inc., 1988, Vol. 19, pp. 2, 4-8, 14, 17, 32, 42, 55-6, 58, and 66-7. "A Review of 'Pride and Prejudice,'" Critical Review, Vol. 3, No. 3, March, 1813, pp. 318-24. Southam, B.C., (ed.), Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage. Landon, NY: Routledge & Kegan Paul - Barres & Nobel Inc., 1968. Weldon, Fay. Readings on Jane Austen Taplinger Publishing Co. Inc, 1984 in. Ed. Wright, Andrew H. "Feeling and Complexity in Pride and Prejudice." Ed. Donald Gray. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1966. 410-420.   

Four West European Explores That Traveled to the New World.

*2. (a) Name four west European countries that explored the New World and name* one explorer who sailed for each country, (b) Of the four *explorers, named*, state the one you would most have liked to accompany. Discuss two reasons for your choices. Four west European explores that traveled to the New World. {draw:frame} {draw:frame} Christopher Columbus (c. 1451 – 5/20/1506 Jacques Cartier (12/31/1491 – 9/1/1557) {draw:frame} John Cabot_ (c. 1450 – c. 1498)_ Pedro Alvares Cabral_ (c. 1468 – c. 520)_ The race to find new spice and travel routes spurred a very exciting time in history which eventually lead to the founding and settling of New World. These discoveries lead us to settlement and establishment ofour own country. Although Norse explorer Erik the Red’s son,Leaf Ericson landed on what he called Vinland, now Newfoundland Canada, a little over a thousand years ago, Western European countries really made the push for colonization about five hun dred years later. These countries included Spain, Portugal, England, and France. Spain had many explorers and impacts in New World exploration. With a monarchy that was willing to finance and explore, Spain found riches in gold through South, Central, and North America. Of all Spain’s, and the world’ explorers, none are more famous than Christopher Columbus. Every generation of Americans knows he set sail in 1492, but I’m surprised how many don’t realize he landed in the Caribbean, and by mistake. Looking for a spice route to the Indies, Columbus and his crew named the local inhabits Indians because he thought wrongly of his location, and eventually started disease epidemics and slavery in the area. Giovanni Caboto was a Venetian explorer who sailed for England and thus became better known as John Cabot. On 5 March 1496, King Henry VII of England basically gave Cabot free license to do whatever he wanted under the English flag. On his second voyage in 1497 he ended up in upper north east Canada and is credited with being the first European since Erikson to reach North America. With Portugal’s impact in early navigation, thanks largelyto Prince Henry the Navigator and his navigational school, it’s natural that there would be an explorer who would have an impact on New World exploration. With explorers like Dias, Magellan (who sailed for Spain), and even Columbus who lived, married, and studied in Portugal, yet another name came about. Pedro Alvares Cabral was given the task to spread Christianity were ever he went, by force if necessary. With thirteen ships, he set sail on March 9th(my birthday) 1500. After some mishaps, he finally reached what is today modern day Brazil and making claim to the New World in the name of Portugal which would later lead to a dispute under the Treaty of Tordesilas. Jacques Cartier sailed for the French and claimed what is now Canada for France. Cartier not only sailed all the way to Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Saint Lawrence River, but he was the first European to describe and map it. Of these four explorers I would choose Cabral to accompany. His voyage to Brazil was almost a world tour including Africa, India, and South America. I would prefer to stay in these regions and out of the northern colder regions as Cartier and Cabot explored.

Polaroid Corporations Essay

In deep March 1996, Ralph Norwood was faced with the task of restructuring Polaroids neat coordinate. In the past, Polaroid had a monopoly in the instant-photography segment. However, with upcoming threats in the emerging digital photography industry and Polaroid experiencing recent losings in their trade sh ar delinquent to Kodaks competition, Gary T. DiCamillo, recently appointed chief executive officer of Polaroid, headed a restructuring plan to stimulate the unassail able-bodieds performance.The firms spic-and-span plan has goals such as to precipitously exploit the existing Polaroid brand, introduce reaping extensions, and enter newborn emerging markets such as Russia in order to apprehend Polaroids upcoming. In addition to the plan, DiCamillo has include certain core objectives that Norwood would need to postulate in his recommendation. These economic values include goals of value creation, financing flexibleness, and staying with the investing funds-grade rati ng for links. His plan would put up to afford Polaroid small(a) costs and move bother to large(p) low selection debt policies.Norwood would need to access the right best system with these restrictions that is to say that even if the more or less optimal capital structure was to suck up Polaroids bond rating under BBB-rated, Norwood would need to settle for some midway ground. Financing Requirements Polaroid faces several business chances in March of 1996 that forget affect its financial policy. The social club essential consider immaterial risk exposure, demand variability, and the ability to climb up new products in time and postulate in a developing, innovative market.Polaroid is cool it essentially a one-product line follow, filiation 90% of its revenues from photographic products. Polaroid must in like manner consider the threat that digital visualise technologies pose towards the companionships futurity. With the exit up development of these new t echnologies, it is discharge that Polaroid will non hold back a monopoly in these markets. In addition, Polaroid experiences business risk with their change magnitude revenues coming from developing countries. or so 9% of Polaroids gross revenue in 1995 came from Russia.Exhibit 2 (Information on world-wide Revenues) shows the percent of total international sales is on the rise, while U. S sales be on the decline. Even though, Polaroid does have international lines of credit and probably new(prenominal) strategies to reduce currency risk, their business in these developing international markets does pose increasing market risk. The business risk from competitors and international markets does signify that Polaroid will need special funding to keep up. The company must maintain a strong and pliable balance sheet to accommodate for future financing demand.A nonher area of partake is Polaroids dinero reportage ratios. tour Polaroid has a relatively low debt ratios that are comfortably in the AA-BBB range, the company is fight to maintain safe earnings coverage multiples on its interest payments. The publishing is magnify in the future as market candor grows thus increasing WACC. Without go earnings, Polaroid will not be able devise interest payments on the excess debt required to balance the companys optimal capital structure.The use of debt and the resulting additional financial risk is a last that Norwood must ultimately make. Norwood is in addition refer with developing a long border financial strategy for Polaroid that will enable the company to grow gibe to DiCamillos plan. Virtually all of Polaroids debt is maturing deep down the next six years. The major components are listed below. $150 million in notes at 7. 25%. which advance on January 15, 1997 $cc million in notes at 8%, which mature on March 15, 1997. Employee demarcation Option Plan Loan with schedule semiannual principal payments through and through 1997. sideline ra te has varied over time, plainly is very low due to measure benefits to employee stock ownership plan lenders. $140 million in convertible subordinated debentures at 8%, which mature in cc1. They are convertible to commonality product line at $32. 50 per contend. They are not redeemable until September 30, 1998 unless the stock price exceeds $48. 75 for 20 of 30 consecutive trading days. Norwood wants to restructure Polaroids debt and legality to maximize the companys future potential.During this restructuring, Norwood wants to keep the cost of capital low, create value, and preserve Polaroids investment grade in order to allot for future borrowing at investment grade status. Polaroids Current station The on-line(prenominal) capital structure is not appropriate for Polaroid, and it will inhibit the companys ability to meet future financial demands. After analyzing Polaroids current debt maturity structure, the group concluded an ultimate downgrade of the companys BBB bond rating by the end of 1996 according to the coverage ratios.The cost of debt drastically increases when a company enters the non-investment-grade status, while the switch amongst investment-grade ratings is relatively marginal. Exhibit 1 shows the maximum tot up of debt Polaroid could have for each credit rating. Polaroids current investment-grade rating must be maintained to keep costs low and protect the Polaroid brand name. To maintain this rating, Polaroid needs to stop repurchasing stock and have an number of equity in 1996 to avoid a downgrade to junk status.Polaroid needs to make these changes to its capital structure to have flexibility and preserve its bond rating. Any die hard needs can be funded through debt financing. Our Recommendation We recommend issuing $200 million in equity initially to pay off the $150M and $37. 7M debts. This will not only allow the firm access to much needed capital, but will also decrease the supplement ratio and minimize financing risk. Als o, the ESOP political platform will be temporarily hang up to reduce leverage. Currently, Polaroids D/E is far too high at . 4. This additional equity brings it to a more manageable . 22. By analyzing the coverage ratios, we predicted that if equity was not issued by 1996, the company would escape its BBB rating. Our recommendation first and fore around considers the deliverance of Polaroids BBB status. The advantage to a new equity issuance is that it will run needed capital without damaging the companys financial statements. This will depart flexibility for further borrowing in the future and make it easier for Polaroid to maintain its debt rating.Furthermore, when capital is needed in 1998, we will issue $425M in 5-year bonds. This gives Polaroid the lowest WACC and maximum leverage while maintaining BBB status. At this point the ESOP program will resume with the company re-levering. With a somewhat flat return key curve, longer term bonds are not significantly cheaper to outweigh the flexibility that 5-year bonds offer. If earnings improve in 5 years, a capital structure with more leverage may be preferable. Having 5-year bonds gives Polaroid this flexibility.Exhibits 2 and 3 show that a capital structure with a D/E surrounded by . 22 and . 26 is optimal. Given the consistent growth in market equity capital, additional borrowing and possible share repurchases will be necessary in the future to stay in this range. This strategy would open the door for Polaroid to find the optimal capital structure while simmer down adhering to the values of the new CEO. The objective would be to choose the option with the lowest weight average cost of capital, thus creating the most value, maintaining a minimum of a BBB rating, and also allowing flexibility.

Airline Economics Essay

The purpose of this note is to fork out background to the study of the respiratory tract labor by briefly discussing four important economic facets of the industry (1) the reputation and measurement of air duct be (2) economies of range of mountains and hub-and-radius system lucres (3) the blood amidst yields and tradeplace characteristics and (4) the S-curve effect. The appendix to this note contains a glossary of recognise impairment used throughout the discussion. respiratory tract prices skyway be fall into three broad categories safety valve sensitive toll which vary with the count of courses the air lane offers. These let in the bes associated with crews, aircraft servicing, and fuel. Once the airline specialises its schedule, these woos atomic number 18 frigid. dealing-sensitive be which vary with the number of passengers. These include the costs associated with items such as ticketing agents and food. Airlines plan their expenditures on these it ems in anticipation of the level of traffic, moreover when in the brusque run, these costs atomic number 18 also ameliorate. fixed overhead costs which include general and administrative expenses, costs associated with marketing and advertising, and interest expenses.The largest category of costs is race-sensitive. An important point about an airlines cost structure, and a divulge to imageing the nature of competition in the industry, is that once an airline has set its schedule, nearly all of its costs are fixed and olibanum pukenot be avoided. Because it is better to generate funds flow to pass through some fixed costs, as opposed to n 1 at all, an airline lead be willinging to fly passengers at bells utmost below its add up chalk up cost. This implies that the incidence of price wars during periods of low demand is presumable to be greater in this industry than in most.There are two alternative measures of an airlines fair(a) (or, likely, social unit) costs cost per available nates mil (ASM)cost per revenue passenger mile (rev)Cost per ASM is an airlines operating costs split up by the total number of seat-miles it flies. (An available seat mile is one seat flown one mile.) It is fundamentally the cost per unit of electrical capacity. Cost per revolutions per minute is the airlines operating costs divided by the number of revenue-passenger miles it flies. (A revenue passenger mile is one passenger flown one mile.) It is essentially the cost per unit of actual output. These two measures are related by the formulaCost per revolutions per minute = cost per ASM ( warhead factorwhere institutionalize factor is the part of seating an airline fills on its flights. In the end, it is cost per rev that an airline must worry about, for it must cover its cost per RPM to make a profit.Airlines resist greatly in both their costs per ASM and costs per RPM. For example, in 1992 Southwest had a cost per ASM of 7.00 cents, succession USAir h ad a cost per ASM of 10.90 cents. Similarly, Delta had a cost per RPM of 15.33 cents while Ameri fundament had a cost per RPM of 13.81.Differences across airlines in cost per ASM reflect differences in1) average length of flights (cost per ASM declines with blank).2) fleet composition (cost per ASM is littler with bigger skims).3) enter prices, especially wage rates.4) input productivity, especially labor.5) overall operating efficiency.Differences across airlines in cost per RPM reflect differences in cost perASM plus differences in thin out factor. Two airlines talent endure very similar costs per ASM, unless quite different costs per RPM because of differences in lade factor. For example, in 1992 USAir and Uniteds cost per ASM differed by less than 2 cents (USAir 10.90, United 9.30), but their costs per RPM differed by nearly 5 cents (USAir 18.54, United 13.80) because of USAirs bring down overall load factor (USAir .59, United .67)Economies of Scope and Hub-and-Spoke Ne tworksEconomies of stove play an important role in establishment the structure of the U.S. airline industry. The source of economies of scope in the airline industry is the hub-and-spoke network. In hub-and-spoke network, an airline flies passengers from a set of spoke cities through a central hub, where passengers then channelize planes and fly from the hub to their outbound destinations. Thus, a passenger get goinging from, say, Omaha to Louisville on American Airlines would board an American flight from Omaha to gelt, change planes, and then fly from Chicago to Louisville.In general, economies of scope occur when a multiproduct firm can produce apt(p) quantities of products at a lower total cost than the total cost of producing these similar quantities in separate firms. If quantity can be aggregated into a common measure, this definition is equivalent to saying that a firm producing many products will ache a lower average cost than a firm producing just a a few(prenomi nal) products. In the airline industry, it makes economic sense to appreciate about individual origin-destination pairs (e.g., St. Louis to New Orleans, St. Louis to Houston, etc.) as obvious products. Viewed in this way, economies of scope would exist if an airlines cost per RPM is lower the more origin-destination pairs its serves.To understand how hub-and-spoke networks give rise to economies of scope, it is first essential to explain economies of density. Economies of density are essentially economies of photographic plate on a given pass, i.e., reductions in average cost as traffic volume on the route increases. Economies of density occur because of two factors (1) spread flight sensitive fixed costs and (2) economies of aircraft size. As an airlines traffic volumeincreases, it can fill a larger fraction of seats on a given type of aircraft and and then increase its load factor. The airlines total costs increase only slightly as it carries more passengers because traffic -sensitive costs are small in relation to flight-sensitive fixed costs.As a result, the airlines cost per RPM falls as flight-sensitive fixed costs are spread over a larger traffic volume. As traffic volume on the route gets even larger, it becomes worthy to substitute larger aircraft (e.g., 300 seat Boeing 767s) for little aircraft (e.g., 150 seat Boeing 737s). A key aspect of this alternate is that the 300 seat aircraft flown a given outer space at a given load factor is less than twice as dear(p) as the 150 seat aircraft flown the same maintain at the same load factor. The reason is that stunt man the number of seats and passengers on a plane does not require doubling the number of pilots or flight attendants or the metre of fuel.Economies of scope push through from the interplay of economies of density and the properties of a hub-and-spoke network. To see how, get hold of an origin-destination pair say, capital of Indiana to Chicago with a low-pitched amount of traf fic. An airline serving only this route would use small planes, and even then, would probably enmesh with a low load factor. But at one time consider an airline serving a hub-and-spoke network, with the hub at Chicago. If this airline offered flights surrounded by capital of Indiana and Chicago, it would not only draw passengers who want to travel from Indianapolis to Chicago, but it would also draw passengers from traveling from Indianapolis to all other(a) points accessible from Chicago in the network (e.g., Los Angeles or San Francisco). An airline that includes the Indianapolis-Chicago route as incite of a larger hub-and-spoke network can do work larger aircraft at high(prenominal) load factors than an airline serving only Indianapolis-Chicago.As a result, it can benefit from economies of density to give a lower cost per RPM along the Indianapolis-Chicago route. In addition, the traffic between Indianapolis and the other spoke cities that will fly through Chicago will in crease load factors and lower costs per RPM on all of the spoke routes in the network. The overall effect an airline that serves Indianapolis-Chicago as part of a hub-and-spoke network will wealthy person lower costs per RPM than an airline that only servesIndianapolis-Chicago. This is precisely what is meant by economies of scope.Relation Between Airline Yields and Market CharacteristicsAn airlines yield is the amount of revenue it collects per revenue passenger mile. It is essentially a measure of the average airline fares, adjusting for differences in distances between different origins and destinations. Airline yields are strongly touched by the characteristics of the particular origin-destination market being served. In particular, there are two important relationships Shorter distance markets (e.g., New York-Pittsburgh) tend to have higher(prenominal) yields than nightlong distance markets (e.g., New York-Denver). Controlling for differences in the number of competitors, fli ghts between smaller markets tend to have higher yields than flights between larger markets.The reasons for relationship 1) are summarized in Figure 1. terseer distancehigher cost per RPMlower load factorhigher cost per RPMhigher yieldFigure 1Cost per ASM slackly falls as distance increases. This is because, say, doubling ride mileage does not require doubling key inputs such as fuel or labor. Thus, shorter flights have higher cost per ASM than continuing flights, and airlines must accomplish higher yields to cover these higher costs. In addition, shorter distance flights generally have lower load factors than longer distance flights, which implies a higher cost per RPM for shorter distance flights, again requiring higher yields. Why are load factors lower for shorter flights?The reasons has to do with the greater substitutionpossibilities that consumers have in short-distance markets (e.g., car of train travel are more viable options). In short distance markets, we would theref ore expect that some fraction of time-sensitive travelers (e.g., vacationers) would travel on these alternative modes, so short distance flights would have a higher ratio of time-sensitive travelers (e.g., business persons) than longer distance flights. Competitive pressures thus force airlines to offer more prevalent flight schedules in short-distance markets, which leads to lower load factors.The reason for relationship 2) has to do with the economies of density discussed earlier. Smaller markets will have lower traffic volumes, and airlines will generally operate smaller aircraft at lower load factors, increase costs per RPM and yields.The S-Curve EffectThe S-curve effect refers to a phenomenon whereby a predominate mail carriers market conduct ( get by of RPM) in a particular origin-destination market tends to be greater than the carriers share of capacity (share of ASM). Thus, for example, if United offers 70% of the seats flown between Denver and San Francisco, and Contine ntal flies the remaining 30%, then the S-curve effect says that Uniteds share of the actual traffic in this market will be greater than 70% and Continentals will be less than 30%. This translates into an S-shaped relationship between share of capacity and market share, as shown in Figure 2.The S-curve effects stems from two sources. First, an airline with a greater share of capacity in a market is likely to have greater visibility in that market, so passengers are likely to contact it first. Second, an airline with a greater capacity share is likely to have more frequent and thus more convenient departures. This, too, works to move on its share of the actual traffic.The S-curve phenomenon makes capacity an important agonistic weapon in the rivalry among airlines. An airline with the pecuniary resources to purchaseaircraft and airport gates to achieve a dominant capacity share on key routes is likely to win the fight for market share. This suggests that, in general, it will be v ery difficult for a small carrier to challenge a dominant carrier at a hub airport, unless the small carrier can achieve significant cost advantages uncorrelated to scale. The history of competition in the post-deregulation airline industry seems to bear this out.